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From '''The Tribes And Castes Of The Central Provinces Of India '''
 
By R. V. Russell
 
Of The Indian Civil Service
 
Superintendent Of Ethnography, Central Provinces
 
Assisted By  
Rai Bahadur Hira Lal,  
Extra Assistant Commissioner
 
Macmillan And Co., Limited, London, 1916.
 
''' NOTE 1: The 'Central Provinces' have since been renamed Madhya Pradesh. '''

NOTE 2: While reading please keep in mind that all articles in this series have been scanned from the original book. Therefore, footnotes have got inserted into the main text of the article, interrupting the flow. Readers who spot these  footnotes gone astray might like to shift them to their correct place.


=Nanakpanthi ^ Sect, Nanakshahi, Udasi, Suthra Shahi=

The Nanakpanthi sect was founded by the well-known ° ^ e sect. Baba Nanak, a Khatri of the Lahore District, who lived between 1469 and 1538-39. He is the real founder of Sikhism, but this development of his followers into a military and political organisation was the work of his successors, Har Govind and Govind Singh. Nanak him- self was a religious reformer of the same type as Kablr and others, who tried to abolish the worship of idols and all the body of Hindu superstition, and substitute a belief in a single unseen deity without form or special name. 

As
with most of the other Vaishnava reformers, Nanak's creed
was largely an outcome of his observation of Islam. " There is nothing in his doctrine," Sir E. D. Maclagan says, " to distinguish it in any marked way from that of the other saints who taught the higher forms of Hinduism in northern India. The unity of God, the absence of any real distinction between Hindus and Musalmans, the
uselessness of ceremonial, the vanity of earthly wishes,
1 This article is compiled from Sir of 1881, and Sir E. D. Maclagan's Denzil Vohtison's Punjab Censtis Report Punjab Cettsus Report of 1891.
 
even the equality of castes, are topics common to Nanak and the Bhagats ; and the Adi - Granth or sacred book compiled by Nanak is full of quotations from elder or contemporary teachers, who taught essentially the same doctrine as Nanak himself" It was partly, he explains, because Nanak was the first reformer in the Punjab, and thus had the field practically to himself, and partly in consequence of the subsequent development of Sikhism, that his movement has been so successful and his adherents now outnumber those of any other reformer of the same period. Nanak's doctrines were also of a very liberal character. 

The burden of his teaching was that there is no Hindu and no Muhammadan. He believed in trans- migration, but held that the successive stages were but purifications, and that at last the soul, cleansed from sin, went to dwell with its maker. He prescribed no caste rules or ceremonial observances, and indeed condemned them as unnecessary and even harmful ; but he made no violent attack on them, he insisted on no alteration in existing civil and social institutions, and was content to leave the doctrine of the equality of all men in the sight of God to work in the minds of his followers. He respected the Hindu veneration of the cow and the Muhammadan abhorrence of the hog, but recommended as a higher rule than either total abstinence from flesh. Nothing could
have been gentler or less aggressive than his doctrine, nothing more unlike the teaching of his great successor Govind.^ Two other causes contributed to swell the numbers of the Nanakpanthis.

The first of these was that during the late Mughal Empire the Hindus of the frontier
tracts of the Punjab were debarred by the fanaticism of their Muhammadan neighbours from the worship of idols ; and they therefore found it convenient to profess the faith of Nanak which permitted them to declare themselves as worshippers of one God, while not forcing them definitely to break with caste and Hinduism. 

The second was that Guru Govind Singh required the absolute abandonment of
caste as a condition of the initiation of a Sikh ; and hence many who would not consent to this remained Nanakpanthis
^ IbbcUon, i)ara. 260.
 
without adopting Sikhism. The Nanakpanthis of the present day are roughly classified as Sikhs who have not adopted the term Singh, which is attached to the names of all true Sikhs ; they also do not forbid smoking or insist on the adoption of the five Kakkas or K's which are in theory the distinguishing marks of the Sikh ; the Kes or uncut hair and unshaven beard ; the Kachh or short drawers ending above the knee ; the Kara or iron bangle ; the Khanda or steel knife ; and the Kanga or comb. The Nanakpanthi retains the Hindu custom of shaving the whole
head except the ckoti or scalp - lock, and hence is often known as a Munda or shaven Sikh.^ The sect do not prohibit the consumption of meat and liquor, but some of them eat only the flesh of animals killed by the Sikh method of Jatka, or cutting off the head by a blow on the
back of the neck. Their only form of initiation is the ordinary Hindu practice of drinking the foot-nectar or sugar and water in which the toe of the guru has been dipped, and this is not very common. 

It is known as the Charan ka pdhul or foot - baptism, as opposed to the Khande ka pdhul or sword-baptism of the Govindi Sikhs." Baba Nanak himself, Sir E. Maclagan states, is a very favourite object of veneration among Sikhs of all kinds, and the picture of the guru with his long white beard and benevolent countenance is constantly met with in the sacred places
of the Punjab. In 1 90 1 about 13,000 persons returned themselves as 2. Nanak- Nanakpanthis in the Central Provinces, of whom 7000 were fhe"centmi Banjaras and the remainder principally Kunbis, Ahirs and Provinces. Telis. The Banjaras generally revere Nanak, as shown in the article on that caste. 

A certain number of Mehtars
or sweepers also profess the sect, being attached to it, as to the Sikh religion, by the abolition of caste restrictions and prejudices advocated by their founders ; but this tolerance has not been perpetuated, and the unclean classes, such as the Mazbi or scavenger Sikhs, are as scrupulously avoided and kept at a distance by the Sikh as by the Hindu, and are even excluded from communion, and from the rites and
holy places of their religion.^
1 Maclagan, para. 88. ^ Maclagan, lor. cit. ^ Ibbetson, para. 265.
28o ARTICLES ON RELIGIONS AND SECTS
3. Udasis.
4. Siithra
Shahis.
The Udasis are a class of ascetics of the Nanakpanthi or Sikh faith, whose order was founded by Sri Chand, the younger son of Nanak. They are recruited from all castes and will eat food from any Hindu. They are almost all
celibates, and pay special reverence to the Adi-Granth of Nanak, but also respect the Granth of Govind Singh and attend the same shrines as the Sikhs generally. 

Their
service consists of a ringing of bells and blare of instru- ments, and they chant hymns and wave lights before the Adi-Granth and the picture of Baba Nanak. In the Central Provinces members of several orders which have branched off from the main Nanakpanthi community are known as Udasi. Thus some of them say they do not go to any
temples and worship Nirankal or the deity without shape or form, a name given to the supreme God by Nanak,
In the Punjab the Nirankaris constitute a separate order
from the Udasis.^ These Udasis wear a long rope of
sheep's wool round the neck and iron chains round the wrist and waist. They carry half a cocoanut shell as
a begging-bowl and have the chameta or iron tongs, which
can also be closed and used as a poker. Their form of salutation is ' Matha Tek^ or ' I put my head at your feet.' They never cut their hair and have a long string of
wool attached to the cJioti or scalp-lock, which is coiled up under a little cap. 

They say that they worship Nirankal without going to temples, and when they sit down to pray they make a little fire and place ghi or sweetmeats upon it as an offering. When begging they say ' Alakh,' and they accept any kind of uncooked and cooked food from Brahmans.
Another mendicant Nanakpanthi order, whose members
visit the Central Provinces, is that of the Suthra Shahis.
Here, however, they often drop the special name, and call themselves simply Nanakshahi. The origin of the order is uncertain, and Sir E. Maclagan gives various accounts. Here they say that tlicir founder was a disciple of Nanak, who visited Mecca and brought back the Seli and Syahi which are their distinctive badges. The Seli is a rope of black wool which they tie round their heads like a turban, and
' Maclagan, para. 95.
 
Syahi the ink with which they draw a black Hne on their foreheads, though this is in fact usually made with charcoal. They carry a wallet in which these articles are kept, and also the two small ebony sticks which they strike against each other as an accompaniment to their begging -songs. The larger stick is dedicated to Nanak and the smaller to the Goddess Kali. They are most importunate beggars, and say that the privilege of levying a pice (farthing) was given to them by Aurangzeb. 

They were accustomed in former times to burn their clothes and stand naked at the door of any person who refused to give them alms. They also have a bahi or account - book in which the gifts they receive, especially from Banias, are recorded. Mr. Crooke states that " They indulge freely in intoxicants and seldom cease from smoking. Their profligacy is notorious, and they are said to be composed mainly of spendthrifts who have lost their wealth in gambling. The}' are recruited from all castes and always add the title Shah to their names. A proverb says in allusion to their rapacity :
Kehu marc^ Kehu jtye, Suthra gur batdsa piye;
or, ' Others may live or die, but the Suthra Shahi must have his drink of sugar and water.' ^