Air pollution: South Asia - Revision history

Jyoti: /* 2018: 9/10 most polluted cities were in South Asia */

2022-09-11T18:24:35Z

‎2018: 9/10 most polluted cities were in South Asia

Jyoti: /* Pollution and Old Vehicles */

2021-06-15T13:19:57Z

‎Pollution and Old Vehicles

Jyoti: /* The Pollutants */

2021-06-15T13:19:17Z

‎The Pollutants

Jyoti: /* Air pollution: the economic cost */

2021-06-15T13:18:42Z

‎Air pollution: the economic cost

Jyoti at 13:02, 5 March 2019

2019-03-05T13:02:57Z

Jyoti at 12:56, 5 March 2019

2019-03-05T12:56:25Z

Jyoti: /* Air pollution: the economic cost */

2019-03-05T12:52:54Z

‎Air pollution: the economic cost

Jyoti at 12:52, 5 March 2019

2019-03-05T12:52:16Z

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Jyoti: /* 2018: 9/10 most polluted cities were in South Asia */

2019-03-05T12:48:00Z

‎2018: 9/10 most polluted cities were in South Asia

Jyoti: /* South Asia: 19 of the 20 most polluted cities */

2019-03-05T12:47:12Z

‎South Asia: 19 of the 20 most polluted cities

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:24, 11 September 2022
Line 278:		Line 278:

	China made marked progress in its usually dismal pollution levels, with average concentrations falling by 12 percent in 2018 from the previous year, according to the data. That should help the message President Xi Jinping will share with political party leaders on progress across three so-called " critical battles" during the National People's Congress meetings.		China made marked progress in its usually dismal pollution levels, with average concentrations falling by 12 percent in 2018 from the previous year, according to the data. That should help the message President Xi Jinping will share with political party leaders on progress across three so-called " critical battles" during the National People's Congress meetings.
		+
		+	=2019=
		+	[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=18_08_2022_024_002_cap_TOI Vishwa Mohan, August 18, 2022: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: The most polluted cities in the world, South Asia, India, in 2019..jpg\|The most polluted cities in the world, South Asia, India, in 2019. <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=18_08_2022_024_002_cap_TOI Vishwa Mohan, August 18, 2022: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	New Delhi: Most global cities far exceed World Health Organisation’s (WHO) air pollution guidelines, posing serious health risks, with Delhi and Kolkata figuring as the top two most polluted cities in terms of exposure to hazardous fine particulate matter (PM2. 5), said a new report released by the US-based Health Effects Institute (HEI) on Wednesday. Mumbai is 14th in the list in terms of being exposed to PM2. 5 in 2019.
		+
		+	In terms of impact, Delhi and Kolkata reported 106 and 99 deaths respectively per lakh of population due to exposure to PM2. 5 in 2019, while Beijing in China reported the highest number of deaths — 124 per lakh of population.
		+	The report, ‘Air Quality and Health in Cities’ that used data from 2010 to 2019, underlined that India is home to 18 of the 20 cities with the most severe increase in PM2. 5 pollution during the period; the other two cities are in Indonesia. The Indian cities/towns include Prayagraj, Varanasi, Chunar, Mirzapur, Rampur, Bhadohi, Rewa, Satna and Gopalganj. All these cities saw an increase of more than 30 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m3) of PM2. 5 during the decade.
		+	The report analysed data of 7,239 cities across the globe and found that of the 50 cities with the most severe increase in PM2. 5, 41 are in India and nine are in Indonesia. Meanwhile, all the 20 cities with the greatest decrease in PM2. 5 from 2010 to 2019 are located in China.
		+
		+	“Delhi and Kolkata — with the highest PM2. 5 exposures, and ranking sixth and eighth for PM2. 5-related disease burden (impact) respectively — need the most stringent time-bound multi-sector action to meet the clean air benchmark,” said Anumita Roychowdhury, air pollution expert and executive director of the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE).
		+
		+	She emphasised Indian cities need to draw lessons from the fact that Beijing, despite lowering its PM2. 5 ex- posures substantially, has the highest PM2. 5-related disease burden due to its baseline disease rates and ageing population.
		+	The report highlights data gaps in lowand middle-income nations, a key aspect to understanding and addressing the health effects of air pollution. “Based on the 2022 WHO Air Quality Database, of the 20 cities with the steepest rise in PM2. 5 exposures in our data, only two (Satna and Varanasi in India) have an official monitoring station at the ground level,” said the report.
		+	According to the WHO’s Air Quality Database, only 117 nations have ground-level monitoring systems to track PM2. 5, and only 74 nations are monitoring NO2 levels.
		+
		+	Inhalable PM2. 5 is considered the most hazardous among all classical pollutants as it gets deposited in lungs and causes serious respiratory problems. Roychowdhury noted more developed cities that have controlled PM2. 5 exposures are now in the grip of NO2 problem from vehicles and industry. “Our cities therefore need to speed up multi-sector and multi-pollutant action,” she said.
		+
		+	[[Category:Development\|PAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
		+	AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]
		+	[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources\|PAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
		+	AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]
		+	[[Category:Environment and Pollution\|PAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
		+	AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|PAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
		+	AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]
		+	[[Category:Pages with broken file links\|AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIAAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
		+	AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]

	=See also=		=See also=

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 Dr Gufran Beig, the director and chief scientist of System Air quality Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), said, “In addition to local sources of pollution, Indo-Gangetic cities also get pollution from neighbouring regions and other parts of India, so as a result the pollution level becomes very high.“ Because of the location of the Indo-Gangetic plains, climate conditions are such that air masses often converge in plains.
-=Pollution and Old Vehicles=
+=The Pollutants=
 [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=TOI-AGAINST-POLLUTION-For-owners-old-vehicles-still-06122014002018 ''The Times of India'']
@@ Line 76: / Line 129: @@
 The government says old vehicles are not good for the environment. Even if they are properly maintained, they cannot comply with current emission norms. A research paper published in Energy Policy journal by air pollution and transport experts Sarath Guttikunda and Dinesh Mohan states, “The share of emissions from older vehicles, especially among light and heavy duty vehicles, is significant. ... We estimate that at least 30% to 50% of the total road emissions originate from vehicles older than 10 years”.
 =YEAR-WISE STATISTICS=

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 The first national level economic assessment of environmental degradation in India focuses on particle pollution (PM10) from the burning of fossil fuels. This has serious health consequences, amounting up to 3% of India’s GDP and results in losses due to lack of access to clean water and sanitation, besides depletion of natural resources.
-EVERY BREATH YOU TAKE
+[[Category:Development|PAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
-−
-Rukmini Shrinivasan | TIG
-−
-First the bad news: More than half of 130 Indian cities being monitored for air pollution are at critically polluted levels.
-−
-Now the good news: Air pollution in Indian cities has been proved to be reversible, with improvements in public transport or changing over to greener fuels, reducing pollution levels.
-−
-But, now the really bad news: With industries being relocated to the peripheries of cities, growing urbanization and poor scrutiny outside big cities, small towns are emerging as India’s pollution hotspots.
-−
-According to WHO estimates, roughly 0.1 million premature deaths annually can be attributed to air pollution. Exposure to air pollution causes both short-term and long-term health effects, from eye irritation and headaches to reduced lung capacity and lung cancer, with vehicular pollution being particularly harmful. The poor are the worst off, facing higher exposure and being unable to afford high healthcare costs. A 2005 World Bank report estimated that 13,000 lives and $1279 million were saved annually between 1993 and 2002 in five cities Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Hyderabad — as a result of measures taken to improve air quality.
-−
-A look at data for 2008 recorded by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) shows that Indian cities are choked. Of the 130 cities monitored, 70 have hit levels defined as critical for the presence of PM10, tiny particles of less than 10 microns in size regarded as the most dangerous pollutant as they can go deep into the lungs. However, the top five cities are Ludhiana, Khanna (both in Punjab), Ghaziabad, Khurja and Firozabad (all in UP). Delhi, the city where judicial activism for cleaner air has led to the ejection of polluting industries, comes in at sixth place.
-The improvements in some major cities and the simultaneous emergence of several smaller towns as pollution hotspots shows that what we are seeing is national policy failure, says Anumita Roychowdhury, associate director of the CSE.
-−
-Northern India is far more polluted than the south, with Gobindgarh (Punjab), Kanpur (UP), Indore (MP) and Raipur (Chhattisgarh) rounding out the top-10 list. Some cities in south are showing rising PM10 trends — Hyderabad, Tuticorin, Bangalore and Coimbatore in particular. While particulate matter comes from a variety of sources, PM10 is largely from vehicles.
-−
-Eastern India, meanwhile, shows high levels of nitrogen dioxide which is fast emerging as a national challenge, according to the Centre for Science and Environment. In 1998, only five cities exceeded the national standards for presence of NO2. In 2008, 15 cities showed violations, most of them in eastern India: Howrah, Asansol, Durgapur and Kolkata have India’s highest NO2 levels. Increasing numbers of diesel cars, particularly in Delhi, is also a major cause of rising NO2 levels, according to the CSE.
-−
-The pollution control efforts in Indian cities show, however, that air pollution is not irreversible and this is not a lost battle. Public and judicial activism have resulted in eight cities — Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, and Sholapur being directly monitored by the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority under Supreme Court orders. Mumbai and Kolkata are under the scrutiny of their high courts. According to a CSE report, Ahmedabad has reduced its PM10 levels by nearly 50%, Solapur (Maharashtra) by 57% and Chennai, Pune and Kolkata have stopped its growth.
-−
-Pollution levels have stabilized to some extent in some of these cities, but in the absence of aggressive action, these gains are in danger of being reversed. In Delhi, for example, the significant gains made from decades of public activism have been reversed and PM10, NO2 and ozone levels are rising fast according to CPCB data.
-−
-At the heart of the matter lies the fact that the bulk of pollution in Indian cities is caused by cars, and despite changes to greener fuels and improvements in public transport, direct curbs on number of cars on roads seems to be inevitable to manage pollution. In Delhi alone, 1100 vehicles are being added to the city’s five million every day, with car ownership growing at 10% annually since 1995.
-−
-Public ridership, meanwhile, has dropped from 60% in 2000-1 to 43% in 2008. In addition to investing in public transport, restraints on car ownership and usage are unavoidable if pollution is to be brought down to acceptable levels, says Roychowdhury.SMOKE ALARM
-( cities in terms have of hit PM ‘critical 10 presence ’ levels )
-−
-The top five polluted cities are Ludhiana, Khanna (both in Punjab), Ghaziabad, Khurja and Firozabad. Delhi is at number six
-−
-Northern India is far more polluted than the south, with Gobindgarh (Punjab), Kanpur (UP), Indore (MP) and Raipur (Chhattisgarh) rounding out the top-10 list
-−
-Some cities in south showing rising PM10 trends — Hyderabad, Tuticorin, Bangalore and Coimbatore
-−
-Eastern India shows high levels of nitrogen dioxide. Asansol, Durgapur and Kolkata, all in West Bengal, have India’s highest NO2 levels
-−
-Ahmedabad has reduced its PM10 levels by nearly 50%, Solapur (Maharashtra) by 57% and Chennai, Pune and Kolkata have stopped its growth
-−
-−
-PM10 are tiny particles of less than 10 microns in size regarded as the most dangerous pollutant as they can go deep into the lungs
-−
-While particulate matter comes from a variety of sources, PM10 comes largely from vehicles
-Increasing numbers of diesel cars is a major cause of rising NO2 levels
-−
-Indoor air pollution is mainly due to burning of wood in rural India.
-−
-PM10 stands for particulate matter up to 10 micrometers in size and include smoke, dirt and dust from factories, construction sites, farming and roads. Annually, over 3.7 lakh hospital admissions are reported due to outdoor air pollution in urban areas.
-−
-According to the report, India can make green growth a reality by putting in place strategies to reduce environmental degradation at the minimal cost of.02% to .04% of average annual GDP growth rate.
-−
-[[Category:Development|P
 AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]
-[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|P
+[[Category:Economy-Industry-Resources|PAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
 AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]
-[[Category:Environment and Pollution|P
+[[Category:Environment and Pollution|PAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
 AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]
-[[Category:India|P
+[[Category:India|PAIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA
 AIR POLLUTION: SOUTH ASIA]]
 =Pollution, region-wise=

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[Category:Environment and Pollution|P]]
-=Air pollution: the economic cost=
+=Impact=
 ‘Air pollution costing economy 3.75L cr a year’
@@ Line 79: / Line 87: @@
 According to the report, India can make green growth a reality by putting in place strategies to reduce environmental degradation at the minimal cost of.02% to .04% of average annual GDP growth rate.
 =Pollution, region-wise=

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 5 March 2019
Line 79:		Line 79:
	According to the report, India can make green growth a reality by putting in place strategies to reduce environmental degradation at the minimal cost of.02% to .04% of average annual GDP growth rate.		According to the report, India can make green growth a reality by putting in place strategies to reduce environmental degradation at the minimal cost of.02% to .04% of average annual GDP growth rate.

−	~~=Health threat in cities=~~
−	~~'''Air pollution back as big health threat in city'''~~
−
−	~~[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/welcome.asp?skin=pastissues2&QS=skin%3Dpastissues2%26enter%3DLowLevel The Times of India]~~
−
−	~~TIMES NEWS NETWORK~~
−
−	~~The Times of India, Sep 1, 2011~~
−
−	New Delhi: Ten years after the city’s public transport switched to CNG, air pollution has again become a major threat to public health in Delhi, say environmentalists. With 69 lakh vehicles plying on city roads, a growth of about 60 lakh in 20 years, experts say oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) are now at critically high levels.
−
−	NOx and PM are known to cause cancer and asthma. Medical experts say signs of deteriorating health are already manifest. The Delhi cancer registry maintained by AIIMS shows a 2-3% rise in lung cancer cases every year.
−
−	Dr Vinod Raina, a cancer specialist at AIIMS says till some years ago, 14-15 lung cancer cases were reported for every 1 lakh cancer patients. “Of late, we have been getting about 13,000 new cases of cancer each year, of which 10% come in with lung cancer. And, 30% of lung cancer patients have nothing to do with smoking,” he said.
−
−	The Centre for Science and Environment says vehicular pollution has returned as a big threat in Delhi. “About 55% of Delhiites stay within a 500m distance from main roads where vehicular pollution is at an all-time high. After public transport was converted to CNG, pollution has become invisible but is still on the rise,” said Anumita Roychowdhury, associate director, CSE.
−
−	In the 1990s, when the issue of air pollution was first raised, only particulate matter was being monitored. Now there is also a red alert on NOx and PM. AIIMS has been tracking hospital admissions and has found that they have been rising in winter months when pollution levels rise,” Roychowdhury said.

	=Pollution, region-wise=		=Pollution, region-wise=

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 [[Category: Development|P]]
 [[Category:Environment and Pollution|P]]
 =Health threat in cities=
@@ Line 30: / Line 98: @@
 In the 1990s, when the issue of air pollution was first raised, only particulate matter was being monitored. Now there is also a red alert on NOx and PM. AIIMS has been tracking hospital admissions and has found that they have been rising in winter months when pollution levels rise,” Roychowdhury said.
-= Pollution and Old Vehicles=
+=Pollution, region-wise=
-[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=TOI-AGAINST-POLLUTION-For-owners-old-vehicles-still-06122014002018 ''The Times of India'']
+==2014: Higher in North India than South==
-−
-Rumu Banerjee & Jayashree Nandi, Dec 06 2014
-−
-[[File: air.jpg||right|frame|A comparison of the levels of emission]]
-−
-'''  For the owners, old vehicles are still gold. '''
-−
-'''  Some Don't Want To Give Them Up For Old Times' Sake whereas others can't afford to buy again. '''
-−
-The government says old vehicles are not good for the environment. Even if they are properly maintained, they cannot comply with current emission norms. A research paper published in Energy Policy journal by air pollution and transport experts Sarath Guttikunda and Dinesh Mohan states, “The share of emissions from older vehicles, especially among light and heavy duty vehicles, is significant. ... We estimate that at least 30% to 50% of the total road emissions originate from vehicles older than 10 years”.
-−
-=Pollution: Higher in North India than South=
 [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=North-Indias-cities-the-most-polluted-souths-cleanest-28122014001134''The Times of India'']
 Dec 28 2014
@@ Line 60: / Line 116: @@
 Dr Gufran Beig, the director and chief scientist of System Air quality Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), said, “In addition to local sources of pollution, Indo-Gangetic cities also get pollution from neighbouring regions and other parts of India, so as a result the pollution level becomes very high.“ Because of the location of the Indo-Gangetic plains, climate conditions are such that air masses often converge in plains.
 =YEAR-WISE STATISTICS=

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:52, 5 March 2019
Line 118:		Line 118:

	The most polluted cities were determined by the annual mean of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns, considered the most harmful for health		The most polluted cities were determined by the annual mean of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns, considered the most harmful for health
−
−	~~=Air pollution: the economic cost=~~
−
−	~~‘Air pollution costing economy 3.75L cr a year’~~
−
−	~~Dipak Kumar Dash \| TNN 2013/07/18~~
−
−	~~[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2013/07/18&PageLabel=17&EntityId=Ar01702&ViewMode=HTML The Times of India]~~
−
−	New Delhi: Outdoor air pollution in urban areas by itself claims 1.09 lakh lives of adults and 7,513 lives of children below 5 years, annually, says a latest report of World Bank. The study released on Wednesday revealed that the annual cost of environmental degradation in India is about Rs 3.75 lakh crores, which is equivalent to 5.7% of the country’s GDP.
−
−	The study commissioned by the central government has brought out how urban growth centres are choking and claims that outdoor and indoor air pollution have the maximum share of this annual burden on India’s economy. According to the estimates of the bank, outdoor air pollution accounts for 29% of this, followed by indoor air pollution (23%), cropland degradation (19%), water supply and sanitation (14%), pasture (11%) and forest degradation (4%).
−
−	The first national level economic assessment of environmental degradation in India focuses on particle pollution (PM10) from the burning of fossil fuels. This has serious health consequences, amounting up to 3% of India’s GDP and results in losses due to lack of access to clean water and sanitation, besides depletion of natural resources.
−
−	~~==The Pollutants==~~
−
−	~~[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/welcome.asp?skin=pastissues2&QS=skin%3Dpastissues2%26enter%3DLowLevel The Times of India]~~
−
−	~~EVERY BREATH YOU TAKE~~
−
−	~~Rukmini Shrinivasan \| TIG~~
−
−	~~First the bad news: More than half of 130 Indian cities being monitored for air pollution are at critically polluted levels.~~
−
−	~~Now the good news: Air pollution in Indian cities has been proved to be reversible, with improvements in public transport or changing over to greener fuels, reducing pollution levels.~~
−
−	But, now the really bad news: With industries being relocated to the peripheries of cities, growing urbanization and poor scrutiny outside big cities, small towns are emerging as India’s pollution hotspots.
−
−	According to WHO estimates, roughly 0.1 million premature deaths annually can be attributed to air pollution. Exposure to air pollution causes both short-term and long-term health effects, from eye irritation and headaches to reduced lung capacity and lung cancer, with vehicular pollution being particularly harmful. The poor are the worst off, facing higher exposure and being unable to afford high healthcare costs. A 2005 World Bank report estimated that 13,000 lives and $1279 million were saved annually between 1993 and 2002 in five cities Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Hyderabad — as a result of measures taken to improve air quality.
−
−	A look at data for 2008 recorded by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) shows that Indian cities are choked. Of the 130 cities monitored, 70 have hit levels defined as critical for the presence of PM10, tiny particles of less than 10 microns in size regarded as the most dangerous pollutant as they can go deep into the lungs. However, the top five cities are Ludhiana, Khanna (both in Punjab), Ghaziabad, Khurja and Firozabad (all in UP). Delhi, the city where judicial activism for cleaner air has led to the ejection of polluting industries, comes in at sixth place.
−	The improvements in some major cities and the simultaneous emergence of several smaller towns as pollution hotspots shows that what we are seeing is national policy failure, says Anumita Roychowdhury, associate director of the CSE.
−
−	Northern India is far more polluted than the south, with Gobindgarh (Punjab), Kanpur (UP), Indore (MP) and Raipur (Chhattisgarh) rounding out the top-10 list. Some cities in south are showing rising PM10 trends — Hyderabad, Tuticorin, Bangalore and Coimbatore in particular. While particulate matter comes from a variety of sources, PM10 is largely from vehicles.
−
−	Eastern India, meanwhile, shows high levels of nitrogen dioxide which is fast emerging as a national challenge, according to the Centre for Science and Environment. In 1998, only five cities exceeded the national standards for presence of NO2. In 2008, 15 cities showed violations, most of them in eastern India: Howrah, Asansol, Durgapur and Kolkata have India’s highest NO2 levels. Increasing numbers of diesel cars, particularly in Delhi, is also a major cause of rising NO2 levels, according to the CSE.
−
−	The pollution control efforts in Indian cities show, however, that air pollution is not irreversible and this is not a lost battle. Public and judicial activism have resulted in eight cities — Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, and Sholapur being directly monitored by the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority under Supreme Court orders. Mumbai and Kolkata are under the scrutiny of their high courts. According to a CSE report, Ahmedabad has reduced its PM10 levels by nearly 50%, Solapur (Maharashtra) by 57% and Chennai, Pune and Kolkata have stopped its growth.
−
−	Pollution levels have stabilized to some extent in some of these cities, but in the absence of aggressive action, these gains are in danger of being reversed. In Delhi, for example, the significant gains made from decades of public activism have been reversed and PM10, NO2 and ozone levels are rising fast according to CPCB data.
−
−	At the heart of the matter lies the fact that the bulk of pollution in Indian cities is caused by cars, and despite changes to greener fuels and improvements in public transport, direct curbs on number of cars on roads seems to be inevitable to manage pollution. In Delhi alone, 1100 vehicles are being added to the city’s five million every day, with car ownership growing at 10% annually since 1995.
−
−	Public ridership, meanwhile, has dropped from 60% in 2000-1 to 43% in 2008. In addition to investing in public transport, restraints on car ownership and usage are unavoidable if pollution is to be brought down to acceptable levels, says Roychowdhury. SMOKE ALARM
−	~~70 ( cities in terms have of hit PM ‘critical 10 presence ’ levels )~~
−
−	~~The top five polluted cities are Ludhiana, Khanna (both in Punjab), Ghaziabad, Khurja and Firozabad. Delhi is at number six~~
−
−	~~Northern India is far more polluted than the south, with Gobindgarh (Punjab), Kanpur (UP), Indore (MP) and Raipur (Chhattisgarh) rounding out the top-10 list~~
−
−	~~Some cities in south showing rising PM10 trends — Hyderabad, Tuticorin, Bangalore and Coimbatore~~
−
−	~~Eastern India shows high levels of nitrogen dioxide. Asansol, Durgapur and Kolkata, all in West Bengal, have India’s highest NO2 levels~~
−
−	~~Ahmedabad has reduced its PM10 levels by nearly 50%, Solapur (Maharashtra) by 57% and Chennai, Pune and Kolkata have stopped its growth~~
−
−
−	~~PM10 are tiny particles of less than 10 microns in size regarded as the most dangerous pollutant as they can go deep into the lungs~~
−
−	~~While particulate matter comes from a variety of sources, PM10 comes largely from vehicles~~
−	~~Increasing numbers of diesel cars is a major cause of rising NO2 levels~~
−
−	~~Indoor air pollution is mainly due to burning of wood in rural India.~~
−
−	PM10 stands for particulate matter up to 10 micrometers in size and include smoke, dirt and dust from factories, construction sites, farming and roads. Annually, over 3.7 lakh hospital admissions are reported due to outdoor air pollution in urban areas.
−
−	~~According to the report, India can make green growth a reality by putting in place strategies to reduce environmental degradation at the minimal cost of.02% to .04% of average annual GDP growth rate.~~

	=2006-15: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI)=		=2006-15: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI)=

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:48, 5 March 2019
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	[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/7-of-the-top-10-most-polluted-cities-in-the-world-are-in-india-study/articleshow/68264872.cms March 5, 2019: ''The Times of India'']		[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/7-of-the-top-10-most-polluted-cities-in-the-world-are-in-india-study/articleshow/68264872.cms March 5, 2019: ''The Times of India'']

−	[[File: 2018- 9/10 most polluted cities in the world were in South Asia.jpg\|2018: 9/10 most polluted cities in the world were in South Asia <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/7-of-the-top-10-most-polluted-cities-in-the-world-are-in-india-study/articleshow/68264872.cms March 5, 2019: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]	+	[[File: 2018- 9 out of 10 most polluted cities in the world were in South Asia.jpg\|2018: 9/10 most polluted cities in the world were in South Asia <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/7-of-the-top-10-most-polluted-cities-in-the-world-are-in-india-study/articleshow/68264872.cms March 5, 2019: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]

@@ Line 229: / Line 229: @@
 “Advanced countries that have shown progress in reducing air pollution are also facing newer challenges. Mix of pollutants and nature of health risks are changing, setting new goals for mitigation. For instance, over the last two years, several European cities have reported violation of NOx standards.UK was dragged to the European Court of Justice for not meeting the standards.While particulate matter has strong health impacts, the gases are the next generation challenge that other regions are dealing with. WHO should capture these shifting nature of pollution challenge,“ said the Centre for Science and Environment.
-=South Asia: 19 of the 20 most polluted cities =
+=2015: 19 of the 20 most polluted cities =
 [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Delhis-air-worst-among-381-cities-World-Bank-25092015023024 ''The Times of India''], Sep 25 2015
 [[File: Cities with the most polluted air in India, Iran, Pakistan, 2014.jpg| Cities with the most polluted air in India, Iran, Pakistan, 2014; Graphic courtesy: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Delhis-air-worst-among-381-cities-World-Bank-25092015023024 ''The Times of India''], Sep 25 2015|frame|500px]]
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 It said given the lack of availability of and access to clean public transport in India, one can speculate that, for any given increase in demand for mobility associated with a given increase in population density , more air pollution will occur there than elsewhere.
 =See also=