http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Caste-based_reservations%2C_India_%28history%29 2026-06-01T22:15:31Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.19.2 http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=139110&oldid=prev 2026-03-28T13:06:25Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">An overview</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:06, 28 March 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 613:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 613:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==An overview==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==An overview==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tejashwi-modi-muslim-quota-gujarat-9363472/&#160; Parimal A Dabhi, With ENS inputs&#160; / ‘Muslims get quota in Gujarat,’ Tejashwi writes to Modi. A fact-check/ 42 Muslim groups are in state OBC list, almost all of them since 1978; 39 of them are also in Central list / ''The Indian Express'' /May 31, 2024 20:56 IST]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tejashwi-modi-muslim-quota-gujarat-9363472/&#160; Parimal A Dabhi, With ENS inputs&#160; / ‘Muslims get quota in Gujarat,’ Tejashwi writes to Modi. A fact-check/ 42 Muslim groups are in state OBC list, almost all of them since 1978; 39 of them are also in Central list / ''The Indian Express'' /May 31, 2024 20:56 IST]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In several election speeches, Prime Minister Modi has said: “Till the time I am alive, I will not let them (INDIA) give reservations meant for Dalits, SCs, STs and OBCs to Muslims in the name of religion.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In several election speeches, Prime Minister Modi has said: “Till the time I am alive, I will not let them (INDIA) give reservations meant for Dalits, SCs, STs and OBCs to Muslims in the name of religion.”</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The Calcutta High Court [in May 2024] struck down a series of orders passed by the West Bengal government between March 2010 and May 2012 adding 77 communities, 75 of them Muslim, to the OBC list, saying religion had been the “sole” basis for the same.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The Calcutta High Court [in May 2024] struck down a series of orders passed by the West Bengal government between March 2010 and May 2012 adding 77 communities, 75 of them Muslim, to the OBC list, saying religion had been the “sole” basis for the same.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==== Gujarat====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>====Gujarat====</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''' Which Muslim groups enjoy OBC quota benefits in Gujarat? ''' &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''' Which Muslim groups enjoy OBC quota benefits in Gujarat? ''' &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 677:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 676:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The BJP lost the 2023 elections, and the Congress formed the government with a huge majority in Karnataka.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The BJP lost the 2023 elections, and the Congress formed the government with a huge majority in Karnataka.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==== Rajasthan ====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>====Rajasthan ====</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''' Has any BJP government lately made a move against reservation benefits for Muslims? ''' &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''' Has any BJP government lately made a move against reservation benefits for Muslims? ''' &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 683:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 682:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Rajasthan’s Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Avinash Gehlot accused the previous Congress government of giving reservation to 14 Muslim groups under the OBC category “as part of its appeasement politics” between 1997 and 2013.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Rajasthan’s Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Avinash Gehlot accused the previous Congress government of giving reservation to 14 Muslim groups under the OBC category “as part of its appeasement politics” between 1997 and 2013.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Maharashtra: 2014==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/curtains-maharashtra-muslim-quota-what-happened-10539190/ Zeeshan Shaikh, Feb 18, 2026: ''The Indian Express'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">With the Maharashtra government formally withdrawing the last administrative framework linked to the 2014 Muslim quota, the legal battle that once defined the policy returns to the spotlight.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In November 2014, the Bombay High Court had partly upheld the 5% reservation for 50 specified Muslim communities. A look at the legal history of that decision explains how the issue unfolded, who challenged it, and what the court actually said in favour of Muslim reservation.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' What triggered the Muslim reservation policy? '''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The policy traced its origins to a series of reports documenting the socio-economic and educational marginalisation of Muslims, both nationally and within Maharashtra.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The 2006 Sachar Committee report concluded that Muslims in India lagged behind most other communities on key educational and economic indicators. In Maharashtra, a state-appointed study group headed by Dr Mehmood-ur-Rehman found severe educational backwardness, low representation in public services and high dropout rates among sections of the Muslim population.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Citing these findings, the Congress NCP government, months before the 2014 Assembly elections, issued ordinances granting 16% reservation to Marathas under a new Educationally and Socially Backward Class category and 5% reservation to 50 specified Muslim sub-castes under a newly created Special Backward Category A. The Muslim quota did not apply to the community as a whole, but only to identified socially and educationally backward occupational groups.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">With the 5% Muslim quota, total reservation in the state rose from 52% to 57%. When the 16% Maratha quota was included, the cumulative reservation climbed to 68%.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Who challenged the ordinance in court? '''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ordinances were challenged before the Bombay High Court in a batch of petitions led by Shri Sanjeet Shukla vs State of Maharashtra. The petitioners contended that the new reservations breached the 50% ceiling laid down by the Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India. They further argued that the Muslim reservation amounted to religion-based discrimination and that the state lacked adequate quantifiable data to justify such classification.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The matter was heard by a Division Bench comprising Chief Justice Mohit S Shah and Justice M S Sonak. On November 14, 2014, the Bench delivered a detailed interim order examining both quotas separately.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Did the High Court accept that Muslim communities were backward? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While the court struck down the Maratha reservation, it took a different view on the 5% quota for the 50 specified Muslim communities.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">At the interim stage, the Bench held that there was adequate material to support their classification as socially and educationally backward. It observed: “In so far as reservations for specified Muslim Communities is concerned, there exists sufficient material or quantifiable data to sustain their classification as ‘special backward class’. This material is in the form of Sachar Committee Report, Justice Ranganath Mishra Committee Report, Report of the Maharashtra State Minority Commission and Dr. Mehmood-ur-Rehman Study Group Report.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The court also underlined the extent of educational deprivation reflected in the data: “The material placed on record makes reference to the abysmally low levels of educational achievement which ails the community. The material placed on record makes reference to high level of educational drop outs in the community.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Was the quota religion-based, as critics claimed? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The court rejected that argument. It clarified that the reservation was not for all Muslims but only for 50 identified backward sub castes. The Bench stated: “In the first place, the impugned Ordinance is clear, inasmuch as the reservation is for certain specified communities from out of Muslims and not for members of the Muslim community in general or in entirety.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It further said, “Since the State Government has relied upon the relevant indicators for the purposes of determining backwardness of 50 sub castes of Muslim community, we see no infringement of Articles 15(1) and 16(2) of the Constitution of India.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Why did the court allow the Muslim reservation in education despite the 50% ceiling? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This was the most significant part of the judgment. The Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney v. Union of India had held that reservations ordinarily cannot exceed 50 percent. However, the Bombay High Court noted that in educational institutions, the ceiling may be crossed in extraordinary circumstances.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Bench stated “We are accordingly satisfied about the existence of exception of compelling or extra ordinary circumstances for exceeding the reservation ceiling limit of 50% by another 5% in so far as reservations to State owned or aided educational institutions are concerned.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It emphasised the broader constitutional goal of mainstreaming disadvantaged communities “Interim stay of provisions in the impugned Ordinance providing for reservations of seats in educational institutions will certainly impede the process of drawing the Muslim youths into the mainstream of secular education in the State.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The court reiterated “Therefore, the State has made out a prima facie case for justifying 5% reservations in favour of specified Muslim Communities, in so far as admissions to State owned or aided educational institutions are concerned… This is because there is a dire need to draw the muslim youth into the mainstream of secular education in the State.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thus, the 5 percent Muslim reservation in state owned and aided educational institutions was allowed to operate at the interim stage.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Why was the Muslim reservation in public employment stayed? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The court took a stricter approach in matters of government jobs.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Relying on M Nagaraj v. Union of India and Rohtas Bhankhar v. Union of India, the Bench held that the 50% ceiling in public employment is a constitutional requirement that cannot be breached. Since Maharashtra already had 52% reservation, adding 5% more would violate the ceiling.  It also stayed its application to private unaided educational institutions.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Was the quota ever implemented? '''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ordinance was not converted into a permanent law within the constitutional time frame and was allowed to lapse on December 23, 2014, after the BJP came to power in the state. While the government pursued legal remedies to restore Maratha reservation, no legislative effort was made to preserve the Muslim quota framework.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">
As a result, the 5 percent reservation in education ceased to operate and the Government Resolutions issued under the ordinance gradually lost effect.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh’s views=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh’s views=</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=135758&oldid=prev 2025-04-13T11:59:06Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Champakam Dorairajan and the First Amendment of the Constitution</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 11:59, 13 April 2025</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 243:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 243:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/constitution-75-years-champakam-dorairajan-debate-merit-education-quota-9855366/&#160; Apurva Vishwanath, February 26, 2025: ''The Indian Express'']</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/constitution-75-years-champakam-dorairajan-debate-merit-education-quota-9855366/&#160; Apurva Vishwanath, February 26, 2025: ''The Indian Express'']</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">On April 9, 1951, a full bench of five judges of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Supreme Court struck down the law as unconstitutional, declaring that the classification in the law “constituted a clear violation </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizen.”</del>.jpg|On April 9, 1951, a full bench of five judges of the Supreme Court struck down the law as unconstitutional, declaring that the classification in the law “constituted a clear violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizen.” (Express illustration by Abhishek Mitra) &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/constitution-75-years-champakam-dorairajan-debate-merit-education-quota-9855366/&#160; Apurva Vishwanath, February 26, 2025: ''The Indian Express'']|frame|500px]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[File: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Champakam Dorairajan and </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">First Amendment </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Constitution</ins>.jpg|On April 9, 1951, a full bench of five judges of the Supreme Court struck down the law as unconstitutional, declaring that the classification in the law “constituted a clear violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizen.” (Express illustration by Abhishek Mitra) &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/constitution-75-years-champakam-dorairajan-debate-merit-education-quota-9855366/&#160; Apurva Vishwanath, February 26, 2025: ''The Indian Express'']|frame|500px]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Champakam Dorairajan always wanted to be a doctor – an unusual dream for married women in the 1940s. So when a law, in the form of a government General Order got in the way, she decided to challenge it.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Champakam Dorairajan always wanted to be a doctor – an unusual dream for married women in the 1940s. So when a law, in the form of a government General Order got in the way, she decided to challenge it.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 282:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 282:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Dorairajan’s case perhaps had more to do with realising her personal goals rather than making a case against affirmative action, but the court’s ruling is a stark reminder of the starting point from which the law on equality has evolved.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Dorairajan’s case perhaps had more to do with realising her personal goals rather than making a case against affirmative action, but the court’s ruling is a stark reminder of the starting point from which the law on equality has evolved.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=135756&oldid=prev 2025-04-13T11:55:43Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The evolution of OBC reservations</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 11:55, 13 April 2025</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 240:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 240:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>If the Maurya, Lohar, Kanu and Lodh castes share the same features of social backwardness with the prosperous Yadavs, the only way to make clear distinctions between them would be on the basis of the economic criterion; the one feature that has so far been taboo in all reservations considerations.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>If the Maurya, Lohar, Kanu and Lodh castes share the same features of social backwardness with the prosperous Yadavs, the only way to make clear distinctions between them would be on the basis of the economic criterion; the one feature that has so far been taboo in all reservations considerations.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160; &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Champakam Dorairajan and the First Amendment of the Constitution==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/constitution-75-years-champakam-dorairajan-debate-merit-education-quota-9855366/ </ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Apurva Vishwanath, February 26, 2025: ''The Indian Express'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: On April 9, 1951, a full bench of five judges of the Supreme Court struck down the law as unconstitutional, declaring that the classification in the law “constituted a clear violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizen.”.jpg|On April 9, 1951, a full bench of five judges of the Supreme Court struck down the law as unconstitutional, declaring that the classification in the law “constituted a clear violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizen.” (Express illustration by Abhishek Mitra) &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/constitution-75-years-champakam-dorairajan-debate-merit-education-quota-9855366/&#160; Apurva Vishwanath, February 26, 2025: ''The Indian Express'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Champakam Dorairajan always wanted to be a doctor – an unusual dream for married women in the 1940s. So when a law, in the form of a government General Order got in the way, she decided to challenge it.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 1948, the Madras government introduced the Communal General Order, widely referred to as the Communal G.O., which apportioned admissions to educational institutions based on caste — out of every 14 seats, 6 were to be allotted to non-Brahmin (Hindus); 2 to Backward Hindus; 2 to Brahmins; 2 to Harijans; 1 to Anglo-Indians and Indian Christians, and 1 to Muslims.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On learning that as a Brahmin woman, “she had little or no chance of being admitted” to a medical college, Champakam moved the Madras High Court. Her case was that the government’s policy violated her right to equality. Srimathi Champakam Dorairajan And Anr. v The State of Madras became the first case to test if the Constitution permitted caste-based reservations for admission to educational institutions.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In July 1950, the Madras HC struck down the G.O. but the State challenged the order in the Supreme Court. On April 9, 1951, a full bench of five judges of the Supreme Court struck down the law as unconstitutional, declaring that the classification in the law “constituted a clear violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizen”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“The classification in the Communal G.O. proceeds based on religion, race and caste. In our view, the classification made in the Communal G.O. is opposed to the Constitution…,” the SC had ruled.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Supreme Court ruling prompted the government to introduce changes in the Constitution through the First Amendment that expressly provided for affirmative action in higher education – until then, the Constitution only provided for reservation in public employment. The case also ignited a lasting debate on merit, equality, and discrimination — one that remains relevant to this day.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Born in 1915, Dorairajan, with a Bachelor’s degree in Physics and Chemistry from the University of Madras in 1934, hoped to become a doctor, but “financial difficulties” led to her becoming a teacher instead.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In its ruling, the SC quoted from her affidavit and said that “it does not appear that the petitioner had actually applied for admission in the Medical College” but “that on inquiry, she came to know that she would not be admitted to the College as she belonged to the Brahmin community.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Incidentally, her husband’s business, Dollar &amp; Company, a pharma manufacturing unit, at that time was adjacent to the renowned Row &amp; Reddy, a Madras-based law firm in the iconic Andhra Insurance Building on Thambuchetty Street in Chennai. Old timers in Row &amp; Reddy recall Mr Dorairajan occasionally dropping in for a cup of coffee and a chat with the lawyers at the firm. “Mrs Dorairajan, dressed in a nine-yard saree, used to visit her husband sometimes,” says 88-year-old NGR Prasad, the managing partner at the firm.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Perhaps it was this familiarity with lawyers and the legal system that prompted Dorairajan to approach the court. Renowned lawyers V V Srinivasa Iyengar and Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, who was also a member of the Constituent Assembly and the provisional Parliament which introduced the First Amendment, argued against the government.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Speaking to The Indian Express, Dorairajan’s daughter, Professor Geetha Durairajan, who taught at the English and Foreign Languages University in Hyderabad, says that though her mother could not be a doctor, she used her education in other ways. “My father supported her dream but due to the policy at that time, she could not be admitted. By the time the ruling came, she had a child and was no longer in a place where she could commit the time and effort needed to study medicine. She was a housewife with five children but she taught us math, physics, and everything else and used her education in other ways.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“My mother passed away in 1981 when I was about 25 years old. My memories of the case are only from a few conversations in passing with my parents, but I read up on it as an adult,” Durairajan adds.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In his seminal book, Working a Democratic Constitution, historian Granville Austin wrote that the Constitution at the time of its enactment had over “two dozen articles providing for the compensatory treatment for disadvantaged citizens or for protecting them from discrimination.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While Article 14 recognises the right to equality, Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, Article 16(4) provides for reservation in public employment in favour of any backward class of citizens, and Article 17 provides for the abolition of untouchability. However, since there was no express provision providing for reservation in educational institutions, the government pleaded with the Court to look at the “letter and spirit of the Constitution”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Following the setback in the Supreme Court, the government brought in the First Amendment, introducing Article 15(4) to the Constitution to allow the state to make laws or “any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another conclusion of the court in the ruling — on the primacy of fundamental rights over directive principles of state policy — was also watered down over the years. The government had argued that Article 46 of the Constitution, which is a part of directive principles, mandates the promotion of the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. However, the court said that the provisions “expressly made unenforceable by a court, cannot override” fundamental rights. In later years, the court has allowed encroachment of rights to give effect to directive principles. For example, Article 48 that prohibits the slaughter of cows was balanced with the right to carry on trade and occupation and social welfare measures were balanced with property rights.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Champakam Dorairajan ruling shows that the judiciary started from a fundamentally wrong place as if we were a casteless society. That reservation under Article 15, which was introduced through an amendment, was treated as an exception to the rule of equality in Article 14 for many decades even after the ruling,” former Madras High Court judge K Chandru told The Indian Express.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In later years, the court’s textual reading of the Constitution was criticised and corrected. In the 2024 ruling allowing sub-classification of quota, then Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud termed the approach of the SC in Champakam’s case a “formalistic and reservation-limiting approach.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dorairajan’s case perhaps had more to do with realising her personal goals rather than making a case against affirmative action, but the court’s ruling is a stark reminder of the starting point from which the law on equality has evolved.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==1953, Kalelkar; 1990 Mandal: and after==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==1953, Kalelkar; 1990 Mandal: and after==</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=133115&oldid=prev 2024-09-01T13:34:56Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The subclassification demand</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:34, 1 September 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 700:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 700:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Subclassification of SCs/ STs=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Subclassification of SCs/ STs=</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==The subclassification demand==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==The subclassification demand==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=01_09_2024_025_010_cap_TOI&#160; KHALID ANIS ANSARI/ Rift over quota subclassification may erode Dalit-Bahujan unity/ ''The Times of India'']</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=01_09_2024_025_010_cap_TOI&#160; KHALID ANIS ANSARI/ Rift over quota subclassification may erode Dalit-Bahujan unity/ ''The Times of India'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 Sep 24</ins>]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160; </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160; </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 708:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 708:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In contrast, the most disadvantaged SC castes— such as the Valmikis, Madigas, Arunthatiyars, Man, Musahar, Hela, Bansphor, Dhanuk, Dom, etc. — largely stayed away from the bandh, particularly in South India (TN, Andhra, Karnataka, Telangana), where the debate on sub-categorisation is more advanced. These groups have challenged the idea of a unified SC/ST category without internal justice as a sham</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In contrast, the most disadvantaged SC castes— such as the Valmikis, Madigas, Arunthatiyars, Man, Musahar, Hela, Bansphor, Dhanuk, Dom, etc. — largely stayed away from the bandh, particularly in South India (TN, Andhra, Karnataka, Telangana), where the debate on sub-categorisation is more advanced. These groups have challenged the idea of a unified SC/ST category without internal justice as a sham</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATION</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=See also=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=See also=</div></td></tr> </table>

Pdewan http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=133114&oldid=prev 2024-09-01T13:28:19Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">See also</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:28, 1 September 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 697:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 697:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Sachidanand R.R. Prasad Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes, New Delhi, Discovery and Publishing House, 1996</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Sachidanand R.R. Prasad Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes, New Delhi, Discovery and Publishing House, 1996</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=Subclassification of SCs/ STs=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==The subclassification demand==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=01_09_2024_025_010_cap_TOI&#160; KHALID ANIS ANSARI/ Rift over quota subclassification may erode Dalit-Bahujan unity/ ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The organic demand for it can be traced back to Punjab in the 1970s, gaining momentum through organisations like the Madiga Reservation Porata Samithi from the 1990s onwards</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Aug 21 2024 Bharat Bandh against the [Supreme Court sub-classification] ruling was primarily supported by intellectuals, parties and associations from UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan, dominated by the vanguard SC/ST castes. Leaders like Mayawati, Chandrashekhar Azad, Chirag Paswan, Prakash Ambedkar, Ramdas Athavale strongly backed the bandh.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In contrast, the most disadvantaged SC castes— such as the Valmikis, Madigas, Arunthatiyars, Man, Musahar, Hela, Bansphor, Dhanuk, Dom, etc. — largely stayed away from the bandh, particularly in South India (TN, Andhra, Karnataka, Telangana), where the debate on sub-categorisation is more advanced. These groups have challenged the idea of a unified SC/ST category without internal justice as a sham</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=See also=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=See also=</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 714:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 725:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Patel, Patidar]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Patel, Patidar]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATION]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATION]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATION]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

Pdewan http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=131630&oldid=prev 2024-05-31T22:24:44Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh’s views</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 22:24, 31 May 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 551:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 551:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>As per the approved criteria, a family for this purpose would include the person who seeks benefit of reservation, his/her parents, spouse and children and siblings aged below 18.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>As per the approved criteria, a family for this purpose would include the person who seeks benefit of reservation, his/her parents, spouse and children and siblings aged below 18.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=The Muslim quota=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==An overview==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tejashwi-modi-muslim-quota-gujarat-9363472/&#160; Parimal A Dabhi, With ENS inputs&#160; / ‘Muslims get quota in Gujarat,’ Tejashwi writes to Modi. A fact-check/ 42 Muslim groups are in state OBC list, almost all of them since 1978; 39 of them are also in Central list / ''The Indian Express'' /May 31, 2024 20:56 IST]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In several election speeches, Prime Minister Modi has said: “Till the time I am alive, I will not let them (INDIA) give reservations meant for Dalits, SCs, STs and OBCs to Muslims in the name of religion.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Calcutta High Court [in May 2024] struck down a series of orders passed by the West Bengal government between March 2010 and May 2012 adding 77 communities, 75 of them Muslim, to the OBC list, saying religion had been the “sole” basis for the same.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==== Gujarat====</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Which Muslim groups enjoy OBC quota benefits in Gujarat? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As per the website of the Gujarat government’s Social Justice and Empowerment Department, 39 Muslim communities enjoy OBC reservation in the state under the Central list. These include: Bafan, Dafer, Fakir, Gadhai, Galiara, Ghanchi, Hingora, Julaya, Garana, Tariya, Tari, Ansari, Jat, Khatki or Kasai, Chamadia Khatki, Halari Khatki, Mir, Dhandhi, Landha, Mirasi, Majothhi Kumbhar, Darbar or Darban Majothhi, Makrani, Matva Kureshi, Miyana, Pinjara, Ghanchi-Pinjara, Mansuri-Pinjara, Sandhi, Sipai, Patani Jamat or Turk Jamat, Thheba, Hajam, Khalifa, Vanzara, Vagher, Arab, Kalal and Sumra.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These communities were added gradually to the Central OBC list over the years. Inclusion in the Central list of OBC communities, maintained by the National Commission for Backward Classes, is mandatory to get reservations in vacancies of the Central government.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Are Muslims also included in the Gujarat state list for OBC reservations? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The state Social Justice and Empowerment Department lists 142 communities as OBCs in the state; of them, 42 are Muslim. Inclusion in the state OBC list is mandatory to get reservation benefits for Gujarat government vacancies.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While Arabs and Ansaris are not part of the state list, it includes Tai, Turiya, Mansari, Tarak and Bhavaiya Muslim groups, with the rest common to both lists.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These communities were added to the state OBC list by the Gujarat government through various resolutions between April 1978 and September 1996.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' When were Muslims added to the Gujarat state OBC list? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It was in 1978, when the Gujarat government added a total of 82 communities to the state OBC list. This was based on a report submitted by the first OBC Commission of Gujarat, led by retired Gujarat High Court judge Justice A R Bakshi. The panel is hence popularly known as the Bakshi Commission.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Of the 82 communities included in that list, 38 were Muslim – making 1978 the year that maximum Muslim communities were added to the state OBC list.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the post-Emergency wave against the Congress, the state government was headed at the time by the Janata Party’s Babubhai Jashbhai Patel.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Who headed the Gujarat government at other times when Muslims were added to the state OBC list? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On the other three occasions when Muslims were added to the state OBC list in Gujarat, the Congress was in power in 1994, with Chhabildas Mehta as Chief Minister, and the BJP in power in 1995 and 1996, with Suresh Mehta as CM.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==== Undivided Andhra Pradesh====</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' What was Modi referring to? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The PM [Mr Modi] said that when the BJP government in Karnataka got an opportunity, the first thing it did was to abolish “the Muslim quota… which was created by snatching it from STs/SCs”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Reservation to Muslims in undivided Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana) was first proposed in 1994, when the state Congress government issued an order providing a 5% quota to Muslims and 14 other castes in educational institutions and government jobs. It could not be implemented as the Congress lost in 1994 and 1999.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the 2004 state elections, the Congress made a 5% quota for Muslims a pre-poll promise. As it won, several individuals moved the High Court, and the court asked the government to reduce the quota to 4% as it would otherwise breach the 50% ceiling.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">According to Mohd Ali Shabir, who was a minister in the then Congress government and is an advisor to the current Telangana Congress government on minority affairs, the idea behind the reservation was to empower the socially and educationally backward among Muslims.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“The 4% quota was not given based on religion but on backwardness, and only 14 groups identified by the Backward Class Commission and not the entire community got the benefit… Most importantly, the Muslim quota was given separately without reducing the reservation percentage of other communities.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On March 25, 2010, hearing a PIL, the Supreme Court stayed implementation of the 4% Muslim quota, while ordering continuation of reservation for the same 14 categories under the economically backward classes category until further orders. It also referred the matter to a Constitutional Bench, which is still hearing the matter.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In its manifesto for the 2009 Lok Sabha polls, the Congress promised nationwide reservation for Muslims in jobs and education. The idea was to create a Muslim sub-quota within the 27% OBC quota.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 2011, two years into its second term in power, the UPA government proposed an 8.4% sub-quota within the OBC quota, including 6% for Muslims. This was later cut to 4.5% for minorities.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In May 2012, the Andhra Pradesh High Court quashed the UPA government’s 4.5% sub-quota move saying the Office Memorandum creating it was based on religious grounds and not on any other consideration. The government approached the Supreme Court, but it refused to stay the High Court order.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">====What happened in Karnataka? ====</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In March 2023, ahead of the Assembly elections in Karnataka, the then BJP government in the state scrapped the 4% reservation granted to Muslims under the “2B” backward class category and shifted the community to the 10% quota pool for general category EWS.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The quota for Muslims in government jobs and education on the basis of their social and educational backwardness in Karnataka was generally perceived to have been introduced in 1994 by H D Deve Gowda when he was the CM. However, the move by his Janata Dal government, through the creation of the “2B” category for Muslims, was the continuation of a process that began in 1918 during the rule of the then Mysore princely state. Muslims were in fact identified through scientific inquiries by multiple state commissions as being “socially backward”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The BJP lost the 2023 elections, and the Congress formed the government with a huge majority in Karnataka.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==== Rajasthan ====</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Has any BJP government lately made a move against reservation benefits for Muslims? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The BJP government in Rajasthan, which came to power in December 2023, has said it plans to review reservation in jobs and education granted to Muslims under the OBC category in the state.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rajasthan’s Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Avinash Gehlot accused the previous Congress government of giving reservation to 14 Muslim groups under the OBC category “as part of its appeasement politics” between 1997 and 2013.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh’s views=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh’s views=</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 563:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 637:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Sources said Bhagwat's remarks related to the argument -often raised even by reservation beneficiaries -that quota benefits are cornered by some influential castes and need a second look to protect the really vulnerable. The 1981 resolution supports reservations but expresses concern that quotas have been a “tool of power politics and election tactics“ generating ill will and conflict in society.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Sources said Bhagwat's remarks related to the argument -often raised even by reservation beneficiaries -that quota benefits are cornered by some influential castes and need a second look to protect the really vulnerable. The 1981 resolution supports reservations but expresses concern that quotas have been a “tool of power politics and election tactics“ generating ill will and conflict in society.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Scheduled Communities=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Scheduled Communities=</div></td></tr> </table>

Pdewan http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=128700&oldid=prev 2023-11-17T05:50:43Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">1921-1994: Tamil Nadu</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 05:50, 17 November 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 148:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 148:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Karnataka’s case is further complicated by the presence there of a powerful mutt culture and two dominant castes, Lingayats and Vokkaligas. Tamil Nadu’s political landscape is comparatively less complex.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Karnataka’s case is further complicated by the presence there of a powerful mutt culture and two dominant castes, Lingayats and Vokkaligas. Tamil Nadu’s political landscape is comparatively less complex.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==1921: Mysore==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mysore-masala-quota/articleshow/104193416.cms&#160; Narendar Pani, Oct 5, 2023: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The debate has shifted from the approach of keeping out the forward castes to one of seeking representation for all castes; from the aggressive backward-versus-forward caste rhetoric of Mandal to a more inclusive approach reminiscent of the first reservations in India – in Mysore in 1921.The social strife generated by the acceptance of the Mandal report was, in part, due to its disconnect with the way caste works in India. Its emphasis on mobilising the backward castes against the forward castes was based on the view that caste was no more than a proxy for class. But as sociologists have pointed out, social and economic exclusion was only true for Scheduled Castes. Castes just below the line drawn between backward and forward castes were not all that much worse off than castes just above that demarcation.The initial response of castes above the demarcation was to turn against reservations. But they soon realised they would be better off claiming reservations themselves. This resulted in a variety of castes known for their dominance claiming reservations, from Patidars of Gujarat to Lingayats in Karnataka. As dominant castes began to claim reservations there weren’t too many forward castes to campaign against reservations. The focus shifted from debating the necessity of reservations to the share of reservations each caste should get.In keeping with the tendency of the debate on reservations to move quickly to extreme positions, the case now being put forward is that each caste should have a share in seats and jobs on par with its share of the population. Even as this approach makes the much-needed case for representativeness, it is not without its problems.When taken to its logical conclusion, the only way of ensuring that the share of seats and jobs of all castes is the same as their share of the population, would be to reserve all seats and jobs. That would be to do away with any limit on reservations. And it will not meet the needs of social justice either, because both the most dominant castes as well as the worst-off castes would be treated on par. Each would only get seats and jobs on par with their share of the population.If the polity is inclined to step back from politically expedient positions to develop a system that allows for merit and representation, there are inputs available from historical experiments with reservations. The reservations of 1921 in the princely state of Mysore sought to merge objectives of free competition with that of social representation. It did so by reserving 50% of jobs in government so that the other half of the jobs was left to open competition.The interests of representation were then met by ensuring virtually all castes, except for the few that overwhelmingly dominated the bureaucracy, were entitled to a place in the reserved category. It addressed the needs of social justice by ensuring that those at the bottom of the caste hierarchy received a share of the reserved jobs that was greater than their share of the population, while those closer to the top of the hierarchy had a share of reserved jobs that was less than their share of the population.The greatest advantage of the Mysore reservations was that it did not result in the kind of inter-caste hostility the Mandal report generated. With very few excluded from reservations the battles were those of individual castes seeking a greater share rather than an all-out war between those who benefitted and those who were left out. It also allowed for continued monitoring of the social justice aspect of reservations.The socio-economic status of castes could be evaluated at different points to determine whether a caste remained backward and hence required a share greater than its share of the population, or whether its status had improved to a point where it could do with a share less than its share of the population.Having the country go back to the Mysore reservations would require answers to two questions. First, what should be the distribution of seats and jobs between open competition and reservation? It is doubtful if the limit of 50% can withstand the sustained assault from a multitude of political parties. But it is important not to dramatically reduce the share of seats left to open competition. The ‘General’ quota does offer some space for the best from any caste or community. It may be dominated by a few castes today, but it would be wrong to believe that others will never be good enough to compete in this category.Second, what should be the share of reserved seats and jobs for each caste or other identity group? Ideally, the share for the worst-off would need to be greater than their share of the population. But if the caste survey tells us, as it has in Bihar, that the share of the worst-off castes is much less than their actual share of the population, even getting their share on par with their share of the population would be a major step forward. The writer is dean of social sciences at National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|RCASTE<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE</ins>-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|RCASTE<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE</ins>-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|</ins>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==After 1947: Evolution of the terms SC, ST, OBC==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==After 1947: Evolution of the terms SC, ST, OBC==</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=128072&oldid=prev 2023-10-06T22:30:03Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Maratha reservation: arguments for and against</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 22:30, 6 October 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 332:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 332:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''A history of the Gujjar, Jat, Kapu, Maratha and Patidar agitations for ‘reservations,’ as in 2018 ''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''A history of the Gujjar, Jat, Kapu, Maratha and Patidar agitations for ‘reservations,’ as in 2018 ''</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== SC/ST quotas extended till 2030===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F12%2F11&amp;entity=Ar01214&amp;sk=8F86902E&amp;mode=text Swati Mathur, Dec 11, 2019 ''Times of India''] </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lok Sabha passed the 126th Constitution Amendment Bill seeking to extend reservation to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for another 10 years until January 2030, with all 352 MPs present voting in favour.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The debate on the bill, however, saw a sharply divided House, with opposition benches including Congress, DMK, NCP, TMC and CPM, as well as NDA ally Apna Dal (Sonelal) voicing concerns over the legislation seeking to end reservation for the Anglo-Indian community.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Law minister Ravi Shankar Prasad, however, argued that while there was a provision of reservation for Anglo-Indians in the bill, the government had not brought it to the House and still “deliberating on it”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“The bill is very straight and unambiguous. But I want to say that the House will have to take a call one day on whether to grant reservation to the Anglo-Indian community,” he said.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Quoting the 2011 census, Prasad said India is home to 296 members of the Anglo-Indian community, a figure that was challenged by opposition parties. Congress MP Hibi Eden accused Prasad of “misleading” the House over the numbers and moved a privilege motion against the minister, arguing that quota for the community should continue.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Maratha reservation: arguments for and against==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Maratha reservation: arguments for and against==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 352:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 365:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> </table>

Pdewan http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=128071&oldid=prev 2023-10-06T22:29:22Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">SC/ST quotas extended till 2030</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 22:29, 6 October 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160; &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160; &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=History=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=History=</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== SC/ST quotas extended till 2030===</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F12%2F11&amp;entity=Ar01214&amp;sk=8F86902E&amp;mode=text Swati Mathur, Dec 11, 2019 ''Times of India''] </del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lok Sabha passed the 126th Constitution Amendment Bill seeking to extend reservation to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for another 10 years until January 2030, with all 352 MPs present voting in favour.</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The debate on the bill</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">however</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">saw a sharply divided House</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with opposition benches including Congress</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DMK</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NCP</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TMC and CPM</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as well as NDA ally Apna Dal </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sonelal</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">voicing concerns over the legislation seeking to end reservation for the Anglo</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Indian community.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Law <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">minister Ravi Shankar Prasad</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">however</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">argued that while there was a provision of reservation for Anglo</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Indians in the bill</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the government had not brought it to the House and still “deliberating on it”.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:India|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HISTORY</ins>)</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CASTE</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“The bill is very straight and unambiguous. But I want to say that the House will have to take a call one day on whether to grant reservation to the Anglo</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Indian community</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">” he said.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:</ins>Law,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Constitution</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Judiciary|RCASTE</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Quoting the 2011 census</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Prasad said India is home to 296 members of the Anglo</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Indian community</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a figure that was challenged by opposition parties. Congress MP Hibi Eden accused Prasad of “misleading” the House over the numbers and moved a privilege motion against the minister, arguing that quota for the community should continue.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BASED RESERVATIONS</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">INDIA (HISTORY)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==1831 – 1990: a brief history==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==1831 – 1990: a brief history==</div></td></tr> </table>

Pdewan http://103.153.58.85/ind/index.php?title=Caste-based_reservations,_India_(history)&diff=125152&oldid=prev 2023-05-10T13:44:34Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tamil Nadu vs Centre: A three decade fight for OBC reservation</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 13:44, 10 May 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 105:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 105:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The writer is a former advocate general of Tamil Nadu who was instrumental in including the state enactment in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The writer is a former advocate general of Tamil Nadu who was instrumental in including the state enactment in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Breaching the 50% upper limit===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/karnataka-congress-75-quota-reservation-tamil-nadu-8595920/&#160; Arun Janardhanan, May 7, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Breaching the 50% upper limit set for reservation by the Supreme Court is no easy task, as other states which recently increased their quotas for particular groups only to have had their legislation stuck at different levels have seen.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However, while upholding the Centre’s 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections in November 2022, the Supreme Court opened a window by suggesting that the 50% ceiling was not inflexible.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Some states, such as Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand which have tried to raise their quota ceilings have sought that their Bills seeking the same be put under the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution, which would put them in a “safe harbour” when it comes to judicial review. Most of the laws protected under the Schedule concern agriculture / land issues.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In Karnataka itself, the Congress manifesto came days after the Supreme Court stayed the incumbent state BJP government’s pre-poll order of scrapping the 4% reservation for Muslims and distributing it equally among the state’s two dominant communities, Lingayats and Vokkaligas.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Earlier, in 2021, the Supreme Court had struck down the Maharashtra government’s provision of providing a Maratha quota, for exceeding the 50% ceiling limit.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Tamil Nadu 69% quota came on the back of its long history of social justice. Currently, it comprises 18% for SCs, 1% for STs, 20% for Most Backward Classes (MBCs), and 30% for Backward Classes (BCs), which also include Christians and Muslims.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the days after Independence, Tamil Nadu had 16% reservation for SCs and STs, as Constitutionally mandated, apart from 25% for backward classes.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 1971, the M Karunanidhi-led DMK government increased OBC reservation to 30% and that for SC/STs to 18%, with 1% set aside for STs. In 1989-90, again when Karunanidhi was the CM, the DMK government set aside 20% reservation exclusively for MBCs, taking them out of OBCs, who continued to retain 30% overall now as BCs, for state government educational institutions and jobs.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Karunanidhi decided to split the MBCs and BCs after an agitation by PMK founder S Ramadoss in the late 1980s. Since the 1970s, there had been panels that validated this, including the A N Sattanathan Commission (1971) and J A Ambasankar Commission (1982) under the MGR regime.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When the Tamil Nadu quota ran into legal obstacles after the Supreme Court’s 1992 verdict setting a 50% ceiling, the then CM J Jayalalithaa, along with other leaders of various parties, led a delegation to New Delhi to meet then Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao. Tamil Nadu’s reservation provision was then included in the Ninth Schedule.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However, the debate on reservation is far from settled even in Tamil Nadu. Literally minutes before the Election Commission announced the schedule for the Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu in 2021, the then AIADMK regime had declared an additional 10.5% reservation for OBC Vanniyars.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The announcement, not surprisingly, stirred a hornet’s nest. The Vanniyars are represented by the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK), an ally of the AIADMK and NDA, and other OBC castes such as Thevars and Gounders immediately protested against the move to give the Vanniyars the quota privilege.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Then CM Edappadi K Palaniswami, a Gounder, and Deputy CM O Panneerselvam, a Thevar, both faced backlash from their own vote banks. Panneerselvam, who made his displeasure at Palaniswami’s decision known, was compelled to promise voters that the quota to Vanniyars was “temporary” and would last only till a caste-wise census was done and, presumably, settle the questions of backwardness as well as strength of various groups.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Incidentally, in 2021, the AIADMK government had set up a commission to collect quantifiable data on castes, communities, and tribes, and to work out the methodology for conducting a caste survey, appointing retired Madras High Court judge Justice A Kulasekharan, as chairman. The panel is yet to complete its work.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In any case, the AIADMK lost the 2021 elections and went out of power, while the Vanniyar reservation move didn’t survive the Madras High Court. In November 2021, the court quashed the decision as “ultra vires of the Indian Constitution”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cut to 2023, and the approaching Lok Sabha elections. It’s the DMK that is in power now, and Chief Minister M K Stalin is one of the leading Opposition voices seeking that the Modi-led government at the Centre hold a caste census.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In a recent policy note, the DMK government stressed that it was committed to implementing and protecting the 69% quota in educational institutions and appointments in government service.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Political observers say it is not surprising that different governments have found it simpler to kick the can down the road, rather than base their caste arguments on concrete data. Retired HC judge Justice K Chandru says the process is complex and certain to lead to protests, from communities left out as well as those expecting a higher share, making inflated claims of their numbers.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On the Congress’s 75% quota promise, Justice Chandru says: “75% is not illegal, but to arrive there, you need a caste census, discounting earlier numbers.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Karnataka’s case is further complicated by the presence there of a powerful mutt culture and two dominant castes, Lingayats and Vokkaligas. Tamil Nadu’s political landscape is comparatively less complex.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Government|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 112:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 157:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Law,Constitution,Judiciary|RCASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CASTE-BASED RESERVATIONS, INDIA (HISTORY)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==After 1947: Evolution of the terms SC, ST, OBC==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==After 1947: Evolution of the terms SC, ST, OBC==</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti