Climate change: India - Revision history

Pdewan: /* See also */

2025-02-01T19:14:59Z

‎See also

Jyoti: /* 1901-2024 */

2025-01-15T20:15:37Z

‎1901-2024

Jyoti: /* 1901-21 */

2025-01-15T19:51:48Z

‎1901-21

Jyoti: /* 1901-2010, 2021: average temperatures increase */

2024-01-03T18:58:41Z

‎1901-2010, 2021: average temperatures increase

Jyoti: /* Glaciers, Himalayan */

2024-01-03T18:55:39Z

‎Glaciers, Himalayan

Pdewan: /* Initiatives, by Government */

2023-12-09T18:40:21Z

‎Initiatives, by Government

Pdewan: /* Climate Change Performance Index and India */

2023-12-09T18:38:48Z

‎Climate Change Performance Index and India

Jyoti: /* 1880-2017: Change in global surface temperature relative to 1951-1980 average temperature */

2023-05-15T20:25:56Z

‎1880-2017: Change in global surface temperature relative to 1951-1980 average temperature

Pdewan: /* See also */

2023-02-01T19:15:34Z

‎See also

Jyoti: /* Initiatives, by Government */

2022-10-21T08:20:30Z

‎Initiatives, by Government

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 [[Rainfall: India]]
 [[January weather in India]] <>[[ February weather in India]] <> [[March weather in India]] <> [[April weather in India]] <> [[May weather in India]] <> [[June weather in India]] <> [[Summers: India]]<> [[July weather in India]] <> [[August weather in India]] <> [[September weather in India]] <> [[Monsoons: India]]<> [[October weather in India]] <> [[November weather in India]] <> [[December weather in India]] <> [[Winter rains: India]] <> [[Winters: India]]
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 ===1901-2024===
 [[File: 1901-24, Average mean temperatures and the warmest years on record in India.jpg|1901-24: Average mean temperatures and the warmest years on record in India <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=02_01_2025_001_026_cap_TOI Vishwa Mohan, January 2, 2025: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
-New Delhi : 2024 was by far the warmest year on record in the country since 1901, IMD said. It also noted that the last three months of the year (Oct-Dec) together were the warmest on record whereas Oct 2024, individually, was the warmest month in 123 years.
+'''See graphic''':
-−
- With an annual mean temperature of 25.75 degrees Celsius, 2024 was 0.65 degree C above the long-term average (1991-2020 period). The previous warmest year, 2016, had an anomaly of 0.54 degree C. As annual averages go, the difference of 0.11 degree C between the mean temperature in 2016 and 2024 is quite huge.
-−
- The record heat in India was in sync with worldwide rise in annual average temperatures as global warming accelerates. World Meteorological Organisation has observed that 2024 was globally the warmest year on record, exceeding the Paris Agreement threshold of 1.5 degrees C of warming above pre-industrial (1850-1900) levels for the first time. This follows on from the record-breaking 1.45 degrees C rise in 2023, the previous globally warmest year on record.
-−
- Releasing the outlook for January, IMD said monthly minimum (night) temperatures are likely to be “above normal” (warmer) over most of India except parts of UP and Rajasthan, some parts of MP and Gujarat and portions of east India such as Bihar, where normal to below normal temperatures are likely.
-−
-−
-''' Slightly more rainfall than normal in Jan, forecasts IMD '''
-−
-'' To Give Prayagraj Report Closer To Maha Kumbh Festival ''
-−
-IMD chief M Mohapatra, however, said “above-normal cold wave days” are expected over western and northern parts of central India during the month of January.
-−
- Specifically asked about the weather situation in Prayagraj during Maha Kumbh (Jan13-Feb26), Mohapatra said though there was a possibility of below normal (colder) minimum (night) temperature during the period, IMD would provide more precise forecast closer to the religious festival.
-−
- Probabilistic forecast map for Jan, released by Met department, shows the possibility of colder day and night (normal to below normal minimum/maximum temperatures) in the region, Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, during the month. Otherwise, the monthly maximum (day) temperatures for Janare likely to be above normal (warmer) for “most parts of the country except some parts of the northwest, central and ad- joining east India and central parts of South Peninsula” where it is likely to be normal to below normal.
-−
- As far as rainfall is concerned, Janis likely to witness slightly more rainfall than normal rains for the month — a situation which may be helpful for the standing rabi (winter sown) crops during the period if its distribution is uniform.
-−
-IMD said, “Monthly rainfall for Janover north India consisting of seven meteorological subdivisions (East Uttar Pradesh, West Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh) is most likely to be above normal,”
- It said the monthly rainfall even over the country in Janis also most likely to be above normal. “Above-normal rainfall is most likely over most parts of the country except some parts of northwest India and some pockets of the northeast and central India where normal to below normal rainfall is likely,” said Met department.
+''1901-24: Average mean temperatures and the warmest years on record in India''
 [[Category:Climate/Meteorology|CCLIMATE CHANGE: INDIACLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:51, 15 January 2025
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	On the other hand, "extremely dry - severely dry" conditions were observed over parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam & Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram & Tripura, Sub Himalayan West Bengal & Sikkim, East Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.		On the other hand, "extremely dry - severely dry" conditions were observed over parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam & Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram & Tripura, Sub Himalayan West Bengal & Sikkim, East Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.
		+
		+	===1901-2024===
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=02_01_2025_001_026_cap_TOI Vishwa Mohan, January 2, 2025: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: 1901-24, Average mean temperatures and the warmest years on record in India.jpg\|1901-24: Average mean temperatures and the warmest years on record in India <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=02_01_2025_001_026_cap_TOI Vishwa Mohan, January 2, 2025: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	New Delhi : 2024 was by far the warmest year on record in the country since 1901, IMD said. It also noted that the last three months of the year (Oct-Dec) together were the warmest on record whereas Oct 2024, individually, was the warmest month in 123 years.
		+
		+	With an annual mean temperature of 25.75 degrees Celsius, 2024 was 0.65 degree C above the long-term average (1991-2020 period). The previous warmest year, 2016, had an anomaly of 0.54 degree C. As annual averages go, the difference of 0.11 degree C between the mean temperature in 2016 and 2024 is quite huge.
		+
		+	The record heat in India was in sync with worldwide rise in annual average temperatures as global warming accelerates. World Meteorological Organisation has observed that 2024 was globally the warmest year on record, exceeding the Paris Agreement threshold of 1.5 degrees C of warming above pre-industrial (1850-1900) levels for the first time. This follows on from the record-breaking 1.45 degrees C rise in 2023, the previous globally warmest year on record.
		+
		+	Releasing the outlook for January, IMD said monthly minimum (night) temperatures are likely to be “above normal” (warmer) over most of India except parts of UP and Rajasthan, some parts of MP and Gujarat and portions of east India such as Bihar, where normal to below normal temperatures are likely.
		+
		+
		+	''' Slightly more rainfall than normal in Jan, forecasts IMD '''
		+
		+	'' To Give Prayagraj Report Closer To Maha Kumbh Festival ''
		+
		+	IMD chief M Mohapatra, however, said “above-normal cold wave days” are expected over western and northern parts of central India during the month of January.
		+
		+	Specifically asked about the weather situation in Prayagraj during Maha Kumbh (Jan13-Feb26), Mohapatra said though there was a possibility of below normal (colder) minimum (night) temperature during the period, IMD would provide more precise forecast closer to the religious festival.
		+
		+	Probabilistic forecast map for Jan, released by Met department, shows the possibility of colder day and night (normal to below normal minimum/maximum temperatures) in the region, Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, during the month. Otherwise, the monthly maximum (day) temperatures for Janare likely to be above normal (warmer) for “most parts of the country except some parts of the northwest, central and ad- joining east India and central parts of South Peninsula” where it is likely to be normal to below normal.
		+
		+	As far as rainfall is concerned, Janis likely to witness slightly more rainfall than normal rains for the month — a situation which may be helpful for the standing rabi (winter sown) crops during the period if its distribution is uniform.
		+
		+	IMD said, “Monthly rainfall for Janover north India consisting of seven meteorological subdivisions (East Uttar Pradesh, West Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh) is most likely to be above normal,”
		+
		+	It said the monthly rainfall even over the country in Janis also most likely to be above normal. “Above-normal rainfall is most likely over most parts of the country except some parts of northwest India and some pockets of the northeast and central India where normal to below normal rainfall is likely,” said Met department.
		+
		+	[[Category:Climate/Meteorology\|CCLIMATE CHANGE: INDIACLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA
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		+	[[Category:Crime\|C CLIMATE CHANGE: INDIACLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA
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	==Warmest years recorded in India, .1901 – 2023==		==Warmest years recorded in India, .1901 – 2023==

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 On the other hand, "extremely dry - severely dry" conditions were observed over parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam & Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram & Tripura, Sub Himalayan West Bengal & Sikkim, East Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.
-[[Category:Climate/Meteorology|CCLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA
+==Warmest years recorded in India, .1901 – 2023==
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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:55, 3 January 2024
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	IPCC report co-author Anjal Prakash noted that around 240 million people of the entire Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) regions would be affected due to changes in the cryosphere as it may affect the “world’s largest renewable supplies of fresh water.”		IPCC report co-author Anjal Prakash noted that around 240 million people of the entire Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) regions would be affected due to changes in the cryosphere as it may affect the “world’s largest renewable supplies of fresh water.”

		+	=Night temperatures=
		+	==2000-23==
		+	[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/delhi-leads-top-south-asian-cities-in-night-temp-rise-with-a-2-degrees-celsius-spike-in-last-23-years/articleshow/106481153.cms Parth Shastri, January 2, 2024: ''The Times of India'']

		+	[[File: Change in night-time temperatures; Night-time surface thermal anomaly showing Suhi effect.jpg\|Change in night-time temperatures; Night-time surface thermal anomaly showing Suhi effect <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/delhi-leads-top-south-asian-cities-in-night-temp-rise-with-a-2-degrees-celsius-spike-in-last-23-years/articleshow/106481153.cms Parth Shastri, January 2, 2024: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+
		+	''' Delhi leads top south Asian cities in night temp rise with a 2°C spike in last 23 years '''
		+
		+	Ahmedabad : Surat and Ahmedabad have recorded a rise of 1.94 degree and 1.9 degree Celsius in night temperatures, respectively, from 2000 to 2023, according to a study that attributes the warmer winters in the two Gujarat cities and elsewhere in the country partly to a surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect.
		+
		+	Under this phenomenon, cities become warmer than their peripheries. The night temperature increases in Surat and Ahmedabad were the second and third highest after Delhi, which recorded a rise of 2 degrees among 20 cities in the study by a team from IIT-Dhanbad.
		+
		+	Little wonder then that this New Year’s Day, Ahmedabad recorded a minimum temperature of 16.2 degrees Celsius, 3.9 degrees above normal. In fact, the first two months of winter in the city --and Gujarat at large -have not seen any cold wave. The lowest minimum temperature for December 2023 was 13.3 degrees in Ahmedabad compared to 9.2 degrees in December 2022.
		+
		+	That is not all -the trapped heat in the urban environment has also given rise to the SUHI effect. On that count, Ahmedabad had the second highest value of 1.7 degrees (difference between core and periphery minimum temperatures) after 2.2 degrees in Jaipur.
		+
		+	The study -titled “Spatial Characteristics and Temporal Trend of Urban Heat Island Effect over Major Cities in India Using Long-Term Space-Based MODIS Land Surface Temperature Observations (2000–2023) --was published recently in the journal Applied Sciences.Its authors included Suren Nayak, Arya Vinod, and Anup Krishna Prasad from IIT Dhanbad and Utkal University. The study took into account data from MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on Terra and Aqua satellites of NASA from 2000 to 2023 for 20 South Asian cities from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
		+
		+	“Major cities like Delhi, Ahmedabad and Surat, which have been rapidly expanding over the last two decades, show much higher temperatures compared to the surrounding non-urban areas. For instance, in February and March, Ahmedabad shows the highest SUHI (2.81°C and 3.09°C) compared to other cities,” Prasad, associate professor at IIT Dhanbad and one of the study’s authors, told TOI.
		+
		+	According to Prasad, the total change in night surface temperature from May to July in Ahmedabad is highest at 3.7°C among the top 20 populated cities in India and its neighbours. “Delhi was the second highest at 3.01°C,” he said. The researchers added that even as Ahmedabad is relatively close to the coast, the highest SUHI during February and March compared to landlocked cities like Delhi is alarming. They added that another factor is rise in temperatures and SUHI even in Tier 2 and 3 cities of India with rapid expansion. Ahmedabad was the first city in South Asia to introduce a Heat Action Plan (HAP).
		+
		+	Public health experts caution that the rise in temperatures has a range of implications, ranging from heat fatigue to reduction in productivi ty. “We do not have substantial data in heat stroke and heat-related ailments but with the overall rise in temperatures -2023 was one of the hottest years on record -implications of rising heat would add to the health burden,” said an expert. Another aspect of the rise in temperatures is increased energy bills (fan, air-conditioning and coolers), especially during warmer months from March to June in cities like Ahmedabad. Experts suggested mitigating measures such as improved urban planning, better building materials and passive cooling techniques.

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 IPCC report co-author Anjal Prakash noted that around 240 million people of the entire Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) regions would be affected due to changes in the cryosphere as it may affect the “world’s largest renewable supplies of fresh water.”
-Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in the presence of U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, launched ‘Mission LiFE’ (Lifestyle For Environment), a new initiative for sustainable and healthy lifestyle at the Statue of Unity in Gujarat.
+[[Category:Climate/Meteorology|CCLIMATE CHANGE: INDIACLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA
-−
-Listing climate change and global warming as the main challenges before the world and mankind, the Prime Minister underlined that Mission LiFE makes the fight against climate change democratic with the contribution of everyone in per own capacity.
-−
-Mr. Guterres unveiled the LiFE logo and tagline and released the Mission Document at the event in which the Union Minister of External Affair Dr S. Jaishankar and Gujarat Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel were also present.
-−
-“The launch of Mission LiFE in Gujarat is important as it was the first state in the country to initiate measures in the direction of renewable energy and climate protection,” PM Modi said, adding that measures like solar power plants or installing panels on canals or water conservation in drought-prone were meant to flight the environmental related calamities while setting the trends for sustainable development.
-−
-PM Modi described the Mission LiFe as a global initiative by India to help the world in its fight against climate change and lead to a sustainable way of life to achieve the sustainable development goals set by the U.N..
-−
-He said the Mission LiFE emboldens the spirit of the P3 model, i.e. Pro Planet People, as it is premised on the basic principles of ‘Lifestyle of the planet, for the planet and by the planet’.
-−
-According to him, India and the UN have joined hands in this new initiative which will become a global success. “India had proposed the International Day of Yoga, which was supported by the UN. Today it is inspiring millions of people around the world to lead a healthy life.”
-−
-He stressed that the fight against climate change goes beyond policy making and it needs wider support from individuals to the family community to protect the environment, and earth and help each other against climate-related disasters and extreme weather calamities.
-−
-Mr. Modi advocated a circular economy where the concept of ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle’ can help in striking a balance between the development, economic growth and sustainability.
-−
-“Such practices are prevalent, which inspire us to walk in harmony with nature. Mission LiFE will encompass every lifestyle related to the conservation of nature, which our ancestors adopted, and that can be made a part of our lifestyle today,” said PM Modi.
-−
-In his speech, he talked about India’s commitment to tackling the menace of climate change with an emphasis on renewable energy like wind and solar.
-−
-According to him, the annual per capita carbon footprint in the country is only about 1.5 tons, compared to the world average of 4 tons per year while India has the fourth largest capacity for renewable energy in the world.
-−
-“India is ranked fourth in wind energy and fifth in solar energy. India’s renewable energy capacity has increased by about 290 % in the last 7-8 years. The country has also achieved the target of 40% of the electric capacity from non-fossil-fuel sources nine years ahead of the deadline.”
-−
-Through the National Hydrogen Mission, India has moved towards an environment-friendly energy source. This will help India and many countries of the world to achieve their goal of net zero carbon footprint.
-−
-During the event, Prime Minister Modi also attended a bilateral meeting with U.N. Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, who handsomely praised India’s initiatives towards sustainable development.
-−
-In his speech, the U.N. Secretary-General said that the “Lifestyle For Environment (LiFE) initiative is designed to highlight essential and hopeful truths.”
-−
-Mr. Guterres lauded India’s initiative of the International Solar Alliance and said that the country was pursuing environmentally sound policies to promote renewable energy and reducing usage of fossil fuels.
-−
-“We need to unleash the renewable revolution and I look forward to working with India in driving this agenda forward,” Mr. Guterres added.
-During his trip to Gujarat, Mr. Guterres also visited Modhera Sun Temple near Ahmedabad where the entire village draws the power from solar panels installed in the temple campus as well as on the rooftops of the houses and the government offices.
-−
-More than 500 people consisting of 116 Indian Heads of Missions abroad, U.N. Heads of Agencies in India, top government officials, development partners, and other policy makers.
-−
-The vent was jointly organised by NITI Aayog, the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change in collaboration with Government of Gujarat.
-−
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← Older revision		Revision as of 20:25, 15 May 2023
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	''1880-2017- Change in global surface temperature relative to 1951-1980 average temperature''		''1880-2017- Change in global surface temperature relative to 1951-1980 average temperature''

		+
		+	==1901-2022==
		+	Most states show rising temp trend in 100-yr period: Report
		+
		+	Most of the states in the country showed a significant increasing temperature trend for the period 1901-2022 with Himachal recording the highest increase followed by Goa and Kerala, said the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in its state of climate report on Friday, reports Vishwa Mohan. The long-term data released by the Pune-based Climate Research and Services (CRS) division of the Met department shows that Himachal recorded the highest increase in mean temperature trend with values at 1.5 degree celsius per 100 years. Goa recorded 1.44 degree celsius increase followed by Kerala at 1.05 degree celsius over the 100 years of period.
		+
		+	===Details===
		+	[https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/Statement_climate_of_india_2022_final.pdf ''mausam.imd.gov.in'']
		+
		+	''' Statement on Climate of India during 2022 '''
		+
		+	''' HIGHLIGHTS '''
		+
		+	The annual mean land surface air temperature averaged over India during 2022 was+0.510C above the long-term average (1981-2010 period). The year 2022 was the fifth warmest year on record since nationwide records commenced in 1901. However, this is lower than the highest warming observed over India during 2016 (anomaly of +0.710C) and higher than the previous year 2021 (anomaly of +0.440C).
		+
		+	The all India mean temperatures during the winter (January to February) season was normal with anomaly of -0.04°C while during other seasons, it was above normal ( pre-monsoon (March to May) season (anomaly of ±1.06°C), monsoon (June to September) season (anomaly of +0.36°C) and post-monsoon (October to December) season (anomaly of +0.52°C).
		+
		+	Global mean temperature in 2022 is currently estimated to be 1.15 ± 0.13 °C above the pre- industrial (1850-1900) average, likely making the past eight years (2015-2022) the warmest on record. Despite La Niña conditions keeping global temperature low for the second consecutive year, 2022 is still most likely to be 5th or 6th warmest year on record.(Source: https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11359).
		+
		+	The 2022 rainfall over the country as a whole was 108% of its Long Period Average (LPA) value based on the period 1971-2020. The winter season rainfall was 147% of its LPA, pre-monsoon season rainfall was 99% of its LPA, rainfall during the southwest monsoon season was 106 % of its LPA and rainfall during post monsoon season was 119% of its LPA.
		+
		+	During 2022, 15 cyclonic disturbances (three cyclonic storms and 12 depressions) formed over the north Indian Ocean against the normal of 11.2 based on data of 1965-2021. It included three cyclones, seven depressions formed over Bay of Bengal and three depressions over Arabian Sea and two land depressions. In addition to these, extreme weather events like extremely heavy rainfall, floods, landslide, lightning, thunderstorm, droughts etc were also experienced in various parts of the country.
		+
		+	''' Temperatures '''
		+
		+	The annual mean land surface air temperature for the country during the year 2022 was +0.51°C above the 1981-2010 average, thus making the year 2022 the fifth warmest year on record since 1901 (Fig. 1). The five warmest years on record, in descending order were 2016 (+0.71°C), 2009(+0.55°C), 2017 (+0.541°C), 2010 (+0.539°C) and 2022 (+0.51°C). It may be mentioned that 11 out of the 15 warmest years were during the recent fifteen years (2008- 2022). The past decade (2012-2021/ 2013-2022) was also the warmest decade on record with the decadal averaged annual mean temperature anomaly (Actual-LPA) of 0.37°C /0.41°C. The country averaged annual mean temperature during 1901-2022 showed a significant increasing trend of 0.64°C /100 years (Fig.1) while a significant increasing trend was observed in maximum temperature (1.0°C /100 years) and a relatively lower increasing trend (0.28°C /100 years) in minimum temperature.
		+
		+	The pre-monsoon period was exceptionally hot in 2022.The country averaged seasonal mean temperature was normal during the winter season (January- February, with an anomaly of -0.04°C) while the pre-monsoon season (March-May, with an anomaly of +1.06°C), monsoon season (June- September, with an anomaly of +0.36°C) and post-monsoon season (October- December, with anomaly +0.52°C) were above normal.
		+
		+	The country averaged 2022 monthly mean temperatures for the country during 2022 were above normal for the ten months of the year except for January and February (anomaly 0.09°C, -0.16°C respectively) where it was normal. The All India mean temperature during the month of March with an anomaly of +1.61°C and April with an anomaly of +1.36°Cwere second highest since 1901and December with an anomaly of +1.00°C was the highest since 1901. The maximum temperature was the highest and the minimum temperature was the third highest for the month of March since 1901. The maximum temperature was the third highest and the minimum temperature was the second highest for the month of April since 1901. Both the maximum temperature and minimum temperature were the second highest for the month of December since 1901.
		+
		+	The temperatures were consistently 3°C-8°C above normal for more than 6 days during the month of March and April 2022 breaking many decadal and some all-time records in several parts of the country, including the western Himalayas, the plains of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The states of Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Jharkhand also experienced heatwaves, in some areas severe, with temperatures ranging from 40°C–44°C towards end of March. The heatwave conditions continued into April, reaching its preliminary peak towards the end of the month. Heatwaves also increase the risk of forest-fires. By April 29, almost 70 percent of India was affected by the heatwave. Towards the end of April and in May, the heatwave extended into the coastal areas and eastern parts of India.
		+
		+	Anomalously high temperatures during these months adversely affected grain filling and caused early senescence, thus reducing crop yields, especially wheat.
		+
		+	''' Rainfall '''
		+
		+	The Indian Monsoon onset was earlier than normal and the withdrawal was later than normal this year. The majority of the Indian Subcontinent received high precipitation totals. The annual rainfall averaged over the country was 108% of its long-period average (LPA) based on data of 1971-2020. The time series of percentage departure of annual rainfall over the country as a whole since 1901 is shown in Fig. 2. Rainfall over the country as a whole during the southwest monsoon season (June-September), which is the principal rainy season of the country, was normal (106 % of LPA). During this monsoon season, among the four broad geographical regions of the country, South Peninsular India received seasonal rainfall which is 122% of its LPA; Central India and Northwest India received seasonal rainfall which is 119% and101%of its LPA respectively while East & Northeast India received seasonal rainfall which is 82% of its LPA.
		+
		+	The 2022 Northeast/ post-monsoon season (October-December) rainfall over the country as a whole was above normal (119% of LPA). The seasonal rainfall during the post-monsoon season over the core region of the south peninsula (comprising of 5 subdivisions viz. Coastal Andhra Pradesh & Yanam, Rayalaseema, Tamil Nadu Puducherry & Karaikal, South Interior Karnataka, and Kerala & Mahe), was normal (110% of LPA).
		+
		+	The flood associated with heavy rainfall affected many parts of the country. Especially, the state of Assam faced severe floods and landslides since April 6, 2022 due to pre-monsoon showers followed by south-west monsoon 2022. Heavy rainfall in Bangalore on 5th September caused urban floods in most parts of the city resulting in traffic bottlenecks, power outages, flooded houses and inundated roads.
		+	Standardized Precipitation Index
		+
		+	The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is an index used for monitoring drought conditions and is based on precipitation. This index is negative for dry, and positive for wet conditions. As the dry or wet conditions become more severe, the index becomes more negative or positive. Fig.3 gives the district-wise SPI values for the year 2022. Cumulative SPI values of the past twelve months indicate extremely wet-severely wet conditions over parts of A & N Islands, Assam & Meghalaya, Sub Himalayan West Bengal & Sikkim, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh state, Rajasthan state, Madhya Pradesh state, Gujarat Region, Konkan& Goa, Madhya Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Rayalaseema, Tamil Nadu, North Interior Karnataka, South Interior Karnataka and Lakshadweep. While extremely dry-severely dry conditions were observed over parts of Assam & Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram & Tripura, Gangetic West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh state and Chhattisgarh.
		+	Impacts of Extreme Weather Events 2022 Tropical Cyclones in the Indian Seas:
		+
		+	In 2022, there were three cyclones formed over the north Indian Ocean. Of these, two were Severe Cyclonic Storms “ASANI” and “MANDOUS” and one was Cyclonic Storm “SITRANG”.All the cyclones formed over the Bay of Bengal.
		+
		+	Among these 3 cyclones, the Severe Cyclonic Storm MANDOUS (6 December to 10 December) formed in the post-monsoon season over the Bay of Bengal, crossed north Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and adjoining south Andhra Pradesh coasts between Puducherry and Sriharikota, close to Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) on 9th December as a cyclonic storm, claimed 6 lives from Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh &Puducherry.
		+
		+	The other Severe Cyclonic Storm ASANI, (7May to 12 May) formed during the pre-monsoon season over the Bay of Bengal, crossed the Andhra Pradesh coast on 11th May as a deep depression, claimed 17 livestock & some damage in Andhra Pradesh.
		+
		+	The Cyclonic Storm SITRANG (22 October to 25 October), formed during the post-monsoon season & crossed the Bangladesh coast on 24th October as a cyclonic storm. It caused some damage in Assam & Mizoram.
		+
		+	However, two cyclones viz. ASANI &SITRANG did not claim any human lives.
		+
		+	The tracks of these cyclonic storms formed during the year are shown in figure 4.
		+
		+	Impact of Extreme Weather Events:
		+
		+	Other than Tropical Cyclones, various parts of the country also experienced Extreme Weather Events like extremely heavy rainfall, landslide, lightning, thunderstorm, etc.There was also significant flooding in India at various stages during the monsoon season, particularly in the north-east in June 2022. A few of them are listed below. The causalities caused by these extreme events mentioned here are based on the media and the government reports from Disaster Management Authorities.
		+
		+	Deaths due to Impacted Extreme Weather Events & associated loss of life, distribution of the Number of Deaths & its percentage, State-wise Distribution of the Number of Deaths and State-wise Number of Districts affected during 2022 are shown in Fig.5, 6, 7, 8respectively.
		+
		+	Bihar, Assam & Uttar Pradesh were the worst affected states during 2022, which reportedly claimed more than 400, 250 and 200 deaths respectively mainly due to thunderstorms, lightning, extremely heavy rainfall, floods and landslide events.
		+
		+	Heavy rainfall, floods & Landslide incidents claimed over 830 lives from different parts of the country. Of these, 198 lives were lost from Assam, 116 from Maharashtra, 98 from Uttar Pradesh, 75 from Himachal Pradesh, 56 from Manipur (due to a Massive Landslide in Noney district on 30th June), 48 from Rajasthan and 43 from Jammu & Kashmir and remaining from other states.
		+
		+	Thunderstorms and lightning claimed more than 1280 lives from different parts of the country. Among these, the significant reported deaths were; 415 from Bihar, 122 from Jharkhand, 168 from Odisha, 116 from Madhya Pradesh, 81 from Uttar Pradesh, 78 from Rajasthan, 71 from Chhattisgarh, 64 from Maharashtra, 58 from Assam& remaining from other states.
		+
		+	Other events like snowfall, cold waves, heat waves, dust storms, gales, and hailstorms also affected different parts of the country including loss of life, injury, loss of livestock & damage to crops & public and private property.
		+
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	==1960-2010: Rain clouds thinning out in west, central India==		==1960-2010: Rain clouds thinning out in west, central India==

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	The vent was jointly organised by NITI Aayog, the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change in collaboration with Government of Gujarat.		The vent was jointly organised by NITI Aayog, the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change in collaboration with Government of Gujarat.
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		+	CLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA]]
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		+	[[Category:Environment and pollution\|C CLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA
		+	CLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|C CLIMATE CHANGE: INDIA
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