Faunal Resource In India: Biodiversity - Revision history

Pdewan at 14:27, 18 June 2015

2015-06-18T14:27:42Z

Pdewan: /* Precautionary Principle */

2015-06-18T14:17:49Z

‎Precautionary Principle

Pdewan: Created page with "=Faunal Resource= {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="0"|
This is an extract from '''FAUNAL DIVERSITY IN INDIA ''' Edited by J. R. B. Alfred ..."

2015-06-18T14:13:40Z

Created page with "=Faunal Resource= {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%"> This is an extract from '''FAUNAL DIVERSITY IN INDIA ''' Edited by J. R. B. Alfred ..."

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 . 	Regulations through Laws: Conservation of biological diversity is taken up through the introduction of various legal procedures especially the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Environmental Protection Act, 1991 and declaration of Ecologically Sensitive Areas in the country. The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 intended to provide a comprehensive National legal framework for wildlife protection, with conservation of species as the main criteria. The strategy includes total environmental protection and conservation with the assumption that all such areas should be free from human activities. The act prohibits hunting of wildlife, protects their habitats, and restrains trade in wild animals, trophies etc. The scope of this act was slightly ambiguous in the initial stages, as the definition of wildlife included only selected wild animals and birds. However, the scope was broadened in Wildlife Protection Amendment Act 1991 to include flora as well as fauna. The two-pronged approaches of this act are:
- 	Specified endangered species are protected regardless of its location and
+Specified endangered species are protected regardless of its location and
- 	All species are protected in specified areas
+All species are protected in specified areas
 The threat category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the time¬frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one (without effective conservation action). However, the persistence of some taxa in high-risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate. The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. The IUCN Council adopted the new Red List system in 1994. The latest version is 3.1 of 2001 published in 2003. According to IUCN all taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for Vulnerable and Enqangered, and all listed as Endangered qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are described as 'threatened' The threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme. It will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories

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 In recent years a concept called the 'precautionary principle' or 'precautionary approach', which has become an important principle of international environmental law, reflected in global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The use of precautionary approach resulted from increasing recognition that ecological systems cannot be comprehensively observed and that impacts cannot, therefore, be fully regulated and controlled. In essence, the precautionary approach identifies scientific and other limitations and promotes regulatory action in the absence of full evidence of a cause -effect relationship. It allows incomplete data, uncertainty and indeterminacy to be taken into account in a meaningful way in the decision making process (Stirling, 1999). In other words, if there is a threat, which is uncertain, then some kind of action is mandatory.
 Stability in terms of population and the ecosystem is commonly known as Homeostasis. During the process, several factors such as biotic and abiotic, acts in the system maintaining a balance of nature. Any deviation from this natural phenomenon results in an abnormal
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 increase in the population of insect species and turns them pests. This is caused due to the habitat destruction. According to Gess and Gess (1993), loss and reduction of insect species will result from the loss and reduction of plant species, which are direct source of food or habitat. Species most valuable to localised loss are clearly those which are most specialised with respect to their habitat requirements. Clearly, loss of habitat diversity will result in the loss of alpha diversity. The second cause for the Joss of species diversity in insects is overgrazing and deforestation. Introduction of an unproductive South American Weed, Chromolaena odorata in the forests of Nilambur, Kerala resulted in the loss of phytophagous insects and flower visiting insects and caused immeasurable damage as the pollinating insects and predatory insects have become rare in the area. Based on these examples, the role of precautionary principles in the introduction of alien species has become important in recent years.
 ==Keystone Species==
 Species, which have disproportionately large influence on the structure of the ecosystem, are called Keystone Species, and when such species are removed, there is profound detrimental effect on the system, i.e., Cascading effect (Reid and Miller, 1989). Solbring (1991) divided the keystone species impacting insects into three categories viz., predators, parasitoids, herbivores and pathogens forming the first group; they maintain the diversity of insects by redUcing the abundance of dominant competition and thus prevent competitive exclusion. Second group includes Mutualists; the loss of one species may cause the loss of a second species. For e.g., loss of pollinators (e.g., bees & fig wasps) will result in the loss of ability of fertilisation in several trees. The last includes species which provide resources for the survival of the dependent population (many species of ants acts as key stone species for e.g. survival of Pangolin (Manis crassicalldata) depends on the availability of ants.

Faunal Resource In India: Biodiversity - Revision history

Pdewan at 14:27, 18 June 2015

Pdewan: /* Precautionary Principle */

Pdewan: Created page with "=Faunal Resource= {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="0"| This is an extract from '''FAUNAL DIVERSITY IN INDIA ''' Edited by J. R. B. Alfred ..."

Pdewan: Created page with "=Faunal Resource= {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="0"|
This is an extract from '''FAUNAL DIVERSITY IN INDIA ''' Edited by J. R. B. Alfred ..."