Immunisation: India - Revision history

Jyoti: /* 2017-18: 60% full immunisation according to NSO */

2024-07-23T18:48:09Z

‎2017-18: 60% full immunisation according to NSO

Jyoti: /* 2017-18: India behind Bangladesh, Sri Lanka */

2021-07-16T18:39:01Z

‎2017-18: India behind Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

Jyoti at 10:20, 24 September 2020

2020-09-24T10:20:56Z

Jyoti: /* 2017-18: India behind Bangladesh, Sri Lanka */

2020-09-13T23:20:51Z

‎2017-18: India behind Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

Jyoti: /* 2014-18 growth> and vaccine hesitancy */

2020-09-13T23:20:27Z

‎2014-18 growth> and vaccine hesitancy

Jyoti at 16:35, 27 January 2019

2019-01-27T16:35:03Z

Jyoti at 16:32, 27 January 2019

2019-01-27T16:32:55Z

Pdewan: Pdewan moved page Immunization: India to Immunisation: India without leaving a redirect

2019-01-24T15:46:09Z

Pdewan moved page Immunization: India to Immunisation: India without leaving a redirect

Jyoti at 13:15, 31 March 2017

2017-03-31T13:15:26Z

Pdewan: /* Immunization: targeted at reducing child mortality India */

2017-03-06T10:28:07Z

‎Immunization: targeted at reducing child mortality India

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 According to a health ministry statement in October 2017, while the increase in full immunisation coverage was 1% per year earlier, this had shot up to 6.7% per year through the first two phases of Mission Indradhanush. Considering that the mission was launched in December 2014, the NSO survey should have shown over 82% coverage. However, even in the best performing states such as Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, the coverage was just 74% and 73% respectively in the NSO survey.
 [[Category:Health|IIMMUNISATION: INDIAIMMUNISATION: INDIAIMMUNISATION: INDIA
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 =Immunisation and literacy=

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 While all non-Covid health services have suffered during the pandemic, the setback to immunisation services could mean an outbreak of deadly diseases like measles, not just now, but well into the future. While the government might manage to vaccinate many of the children who missed a shot in this period through mop-up rounds, in many cases the window to give a particular vaccine might have closed, as many vaccines cannot be given beyond a particular period of time. According to Unicef, during the outbreak of Ebola in Congo, while 2,000 died of the epidemic outbreak, double that number died of measles as immunisation services were affected. There is apprehension in the public health community in India now that the disruption of immunisation services during Covid might similarly end up leading to greater maternal and infant mortality.
-[[Category:Health|I
+==2017-18: 60% full immunisation according to  NSO ==
-IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]
+[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F12%2F03&entity=Ar00401&sk=8FFEE9B5&mode=text Rema Nagarajan Dec 3, 2019 ''Times of India'']
-[[Category:India|I
+[[File: Immunisation in India in 2017-18.jpg|Immunisation in India in 2017-18. <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F12%2F03&entity=Ar00401&sk=8FFEE9B5&mode=text Rema Nagarajan Dec 3, 2019 ''Times of India''] |frame|500px]]
-IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]
-[[Category:Name|ALPHABET
+Though well over 90% of children in India are born in an “institution” — a government or private facility — the proportion of children up to five years who have been fully immunised stagnates below 60%, according to the latest survey by the National Statistical Office. This highlights the health system’s failure to track children born in hospitals to ensure their full immunisation.
-IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]
-[[Category:Health|IIMMUNISATION: INDIA
+[[Category:Health|IIMMUNISATION: INDIAIMMUNISATION: INDIAIMMUNISATION: INDIA
 IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]
-[[Category:India|IIMMUNISATION: INDIA
+[[Category:India|IIMMUNISATION: INDIAIMMUNISATION: INDIAIMMUNISATION: INDIA
 IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]
-[[Category:Name|ALPHABETIMMUNISATION: INDIA
+[[Category:Name|ALPHABETIMMUNISATION: INDIAIMMUNISATION: INDIAIMMUNISATION: INDIA
 IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]

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 |}
-[[Category:India |I]]
-[[Category:Health |I]]
-[[Category:Name|Alphabet]]
-[[Category:Name|Alphabet]]
 =Growth of immunisation=
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 =See also=
 [[Infant mortality: India]]

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 ==2017-18: India behind Bangladesh, Sri Lanka==
-[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-india-lags-sri-lanka-bangladesh-in-immunisation-of-children/articleshow/77805269.cms  Rema Nagarajan, Why India lags Sri Lanka, Bangladesh in immunisation of children, August 30, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
+[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-india-lags-sri-lanka-bangladesh-in-immunisation-of-children/articleshow/77805269.cms  Rema Nagarajan, Why India lags Sri Lanka, Bangladesh in immunisation of children, August 29, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
-[[File: The percentage on Indian children immunised, presumably as in 2017-18..jpg|The percentage on Indian children immunised, presumably as in 2017-18. <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-india-lags-sri-lanka-bangladesh-in-immunisation-of-children/articleshow/77805269.cms  Rema Nagarajan, Why India lags Sri Lanka, Bangladesh in immunisation of children, August 30, 2020: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
+[[File: The percentage on Indian children immunised, presumably as in 2017-18..jpg|The percentage on Indian children immunised, presumably as in 2017-18. <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-india-lags-sri-lanka-bangladesh-in-immunisation-of-children/articleshow/77805269.cms  Rema Nagarajan, Why India lags Sri Lanka, Bangladesh in immunisation of children, August 29, 2020: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 The poor coverage of measles vaccination and later doses of basic vaccines like those for polio, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) are pulling down the proportion of fully immunised children which currently stands at around 60%. This indicates a poor mechanism to track children already registered in the immunisation system despite a Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) being in place since 2009.
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 IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]
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 IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:20, 13 September 2020
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	Between 2014 and 2018, India’s annual immunisation growth rate has risen to 4% from 1% previously.		Between 2014 and 2018, India’s annual immunisation growth rate has risen to 4% from 1% previously.
		+
		+	==2017-18: India behind Bangladesh, Sri Lanka==
		+	[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-india-lags-sri-lanka-bangladesh-in-immunisation-of-children/articleshow/77805269.cms Rema Nagarajan, Why India lags Sri Lanka, Bangladesh in immunisation of children, August 30, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: The percentage on Indian children immunised, presumably as in 2017-18..jpg\|The percentage on Indian children immunised, presumably as in 2017-18. <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-india-lags-sri-lanka-bangladesh-in-immunisation-of-children/articleshow/77805269.cms Rema Nagarajan, Why India lags Sri Lanka, Bangladesh in immunisation of children, August 30, 2020: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	The poor coverage of measles vaccination and later doses of basic vaccines like those for polio, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) are pulling down the proportion of fully immunised children which currently stands at around 60%. This indicates a poor mechanism to track children already registered in the immunisation system despite a Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) being in place since 2009.
		+
		+	A recently released NSO report on health for 2017-18 shows that from over 94% coverage for the BCG vaccine given at birth, coverage fell to just 67% for the measles vaccine, given between 9-12 months, the poorest coverage among all basic vaccines needed for a child to be counted as being fully immunised.
		+	Similarly, from 94% coverage of the oral polio vaccine’s (OPV) birth dose, the coverage went down with every subsequent dose to reach 80.6% by the third dose. The DPT vaccine coverage went from 91% coverage for the first shot given at six weeks to 78% by the third shot at 14 weeks. This meant that India’s proportion of fully immunised children remained at around 60% in 2017-18, not much different from the National Family Health survey of 2015-16, which found it to be around 62%.
		+
		+	While this was a huge improvement from just 44% in 2005-06, the budget allocated for immunisation has also jumped from Rs 473 crore in 2005-06 to approximately Rs 2,000 crore allocated for the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) excluding shared costs such as staff salary, establishments etc. India’s immunisation coverage has remained low relative to its neighbours. In Sri Lanka 99% of children are fully immunised. In Bangladesh, the coverage for DPT-3 was 98% and for measles was 93% in 2018, according to the World Health Report 2020. In Nepal, the coverage for the third shot of DPT was 91% and that for measles was 69%. A child is considered to be fully immunised if she has received BCG, three doses of OPV, three shots of DPT vaccine and the measles vaccine. All these, if delivered on schedule, are within the child’s first year, with measles being the last.
		+
		+	There are booster shots and vaccines for other diseases, but they do not count for considering a child fully immunised. The central government’s Mission Indradhanush launched in December 2014 set the goal of ensuring full immunisation for children up to two years of age and pregnant women. The govt identified 201 high focus districts across 28 states that had the highest number of partially immunised and not immunised children.
		+
		+	''' Diphtheria immunisation: India lags globally '''
		+
		+	- Globally in 2019, half of children unvaccinated for DPT3 lived in just six countries: Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan
		+	- Despite achieving relatively high rates of immunisation coverage, India hosts 2.1 million of the under-vaccinated even with 91% coverage of a cohort of approximately 21 million surviving infants
		+
		+	''' How Covid-19 put immunisation on hold '''
		+
		+	Early in the course of the pandemic in India, several states had curtailed outreach services for immunisation and maternal health services such as ante-natal check-ups citing the need to take precautions against Covid-19 infection as TOI reported on April 2.
		+
		+	An estimated 26 million children are born in India each year, which is more than 71,000 babies each day. Every day of immunisation services remaining suspended thus could mean thousands missing crucial vaccines. Public health experts warned against suspension of these crucial services saying it could lead to an increase in maternal mortality and further lower the already low immunisation levels in most states.
		+
		+	In Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Kerala and Karnataka, governments suspended outreach programmes like organising of vaccination days or door-step services. Though most states continued to offer vaccination in primary health centres, district hospitals, medical colleges etc., most health facilities, being too far away, were difficult for people to access, especially with the transport lockdown. Even in states where vaccination work was not formally suspended, additional Covid work imposed on health care workers threw it out of gear.
		+
		+	The impact is evident in data from the union health ministry’s Health Management Information System. For the period from April to June this year, it shows a huge fall in the number of children who got the various vaccines that are part of the Universal Immunisation Programme. For each vaccine, the number of children who got it this April-June is lower by anywhere between 12 and 22 lakh than in the same period last year. The number of fully immunised children aged 9 to 11 months is about 16 lakh less.
		+
		+	While all non-Covid health services have suffered during the pandemic, the setback to immunisation services could mean an outbreak of deadly diseases like measles, not just now, but well into the future. While the government might manage to vaccinate many of the children who missed a shot in this period through mop-up rounds, in many cases the window to give a particular vaccine might have closed, as many vaccines cannot be given beyond a particular period of time. According to Unicef, during the outbreak of Ebola in Congo, while 2,000 died of the epidemic outbreak, double that number died of measles as immunisation services were affected. There is apprehension in the public health community in India now that the disruption of immunisation services during Covid might similarly end up leading to greater maternal and infant mortality.
		+
		+	[[Category:Health\|I
		+	IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|I
		+	IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Name\|ALPHABET
		+	IMMUNISATION: INDIA]]

	=Immunisation and literacy=		=Immunisation and literacy=

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 =Immunisation and literacy=
-See graphic
+[[File: Immunisation.jpg| Immunisation and literacy. Chart: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=05_11_2014_012_010_001&type=P&artUrl=STATOI-STICS-NOT-IMMUNE-TO-IGNORANCE-05112014012010&eid=31808  ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 [[File: Immunisation.jpg| Immunisation and literacy. Chart: [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=05_11_2014_012_010_001&type=P&artUrl=STATOI-STICS-NOT-IMMUNE-TO-IGNORANCE-05112014012010&eid=31808 The Times of India ] |frame|500px]]
-=See =
+'''See graphic'''
 [[Infant mortality: India]]

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 [[Category:Name|Alphabet]]
-=Immunization: targeted at reducing child mortality India=
+=See =
-Vaccine programme failing: Report
+[[Infant mortality: India]]
-−
-Durgesh Nandan Jha
-−
-[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/welcome.asp?skin=pastissues2&QS=skin%3Dpastissues2%26enter%3DLowLevel Times of India]
-−
-New Delhi: The government has failed to effectively implement its immunization programmes targeted at reducing child mortality. Of the 113 deaths due to diphtheria — a vaccine-preventable disease — in the country in 2009, 82 occurred in Delhi.
-−
-According to a report on the national health profile released by the Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, there has also been a staggering increase in cases of pertussis (whooping cough) from 75 in 2008 to 826 in 2009. Both diseases are covered under the government’s universal immunization programme for which DPT vaccine, among others, is given free at primary healthcare centres and in some cases, at homes.
-−
-According to the report which surveyed all the states and union territories, the number of cases of diphtheria also increased from 177 in 2008 to 340 in 2009. Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness which is common in children between 0-5 years. It is contagious and DPT vaccines need to be given in three doses to children to develop their immunity against the disease.
-−
-DPT vaccine is also given for immunization against pertussis or whooping cough. Despite the Delhi government’s tall claims of immunization services being available at about 650 primary-level healthcare units, colony and district hospitals, there has been a steep rise in cases of pertussis as
-well. Delhi reported 826 cases last year as against 75 in 2008. No death was reported. One polio death was reported in 2009.
-−
-The number of typhoid cases and deaths due to the disease have also increased. In 2008, 32 of the 19,340 children suffering from typhoid died in the city. In 2009, more than 40,000 cases were reported and 47 deaths took place. However, the government succeeded in controlling cases of measles and tetanus, which too are vaccine-preventable diseases.
-−
-‘‘The vaccination programme is not being implemented properly in slums and rural areas. Delhi hospitals receive a number of patients whose parents may have migrated from other states and they may not be vaccinated. There may be more cases than what we have reported as many sectors don’t send the actual figures,” Ashok Kumar, director, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI), said.
-−
-An RTI document available with TOI revealed that over 40% children did not get their DPT shots due to shortage of the vaccine. In 2008-09, of the 3,01,000 children meant to be vaccinated, only 1,31,829 got the DPT shots.
-−
-Health minister Kiran Walia conceded that the figures were alarmingly high. ‘‘I have asked my officers to gather details of the deaths and take immediate measures to ensure that children are vaccinated immediately.’’
-durgesh.jha@timesgroup.com