Indian states: developmental indicators - Revision history

Jyoti: /* HP, J&K, Kerala, TN: 2019- 2023 */

2025-12-10T19:03:08Z

‎HP, J&K, Kerala, TN: 2019- 2023

Jyoti: /* 2025/ CareEdge */

2025-12-10T19:00:45Z

‎2025/ CareEdge

Jyoti: /* 2025/ CareEdge */

2025-12-10T18:52:40Z

‎2025/ CareEdge

Jyoti: /* Economic freedom */

2025-06-27T06:13:54Z

‎Economic freedom

Pdewan: /* See also */

2025-04-30T10:47:26Z

‎See also

Jyoti: /* 2022 */

2023-01-13T20:20:50Z

‎2022

Jyoti: /* 2022 */

2023-01-13T20:05:31Z

‎2022

Jyoti: /* Social progress */

2023-01-13T20:05:11Z

‎Social progress

Pdewan: /* Social progress index */

2023-01-12T18:34:43Z

‎Social progress index

Jyoti: /* 2018: The best districts */

2022-12-10T19:31:04Z

‎2018: The best districts

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 [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=16_11_2025_025_004_cap_TOI  Rema.Nagarajan, Nov 16, 2025: ''The Times of India'']
-[[File: Indian states with the best developmental indicators, 2019- 2023: HP, J&K, Kerala, TN.jpg|Indian states with the best developmental indicators, 2019- 2023: HP, J&K, Kerala, TN <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=16_11_2025_025_004_cap_TOI  Rema.Nagarajan, Nov 16, 2025: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
+[[File: Indian states with the best developmental indicators, 2019- 2023, HP, J&K, Kerala, TN.jpg|Indian states with the best developmental indicators, 2019- 2023: HP, J&K, Kerala, TN <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=16_11_2025_025_004_cap_TOI  Rema.Nagarajan, Nov 16, 2025: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
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  Clearly, it’s not just about spending to strengthen the public health system. The three states seem to be reaping the benefits of more than 50 years of policies addressing the social determinants of health by reducing social inequity and improving living conditions through better access to clean drinking water, housing, sanitation and nutrition.
 [[Category:Development|SINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDI

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 10 December 2025
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	Western and southern states dominate the upper tier of the rankings. Goa tops Group B, comprising northeast, hilly, and small states, scoring consistently across financial, infrastructure, eco- nomic, and social indicators. Odisha leads in fiscal management with sound debt control and low interest burdens, followed by Gujarat and Maharashtra. Punjab and Haryana stand out in infrastructure, while Kerala and Tamil Nadu score high in social development. Andhra Pradesh ranks first in governance, and Karnataka leads in environmental performance. The rankings exclude Union Territories and aim to provide a comparative, data-driven view of state-level progress and investment appeal.		Western and southern states dominate the upper tier of the rankings. Goa tops Group B, comprising northeast, hilly, and small states, scoring consistently across financial, infrastructure, eco- nomic, and social indicators. Odisha leads in fiscal management with sound debt control and low interest burdens, followed by Gujarat and Maharashtra. Punjab and Haryana stand out in infrastructure, while Kerala and Tamil Nadu score high in social development. Andhra Pradesh ranks first in governance, and Karnataka leads in environmental performance. The rankings exclude Union Territories and aim to provide a comparative, data-driven view of state-level progress and investment appeal.
		+
		+	==HP, J&K, Kerala, TN: 2019- 2023==
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=16_11_2025_025_004_cap_TOI Rema.Nagarajan, Nov 16, 2025: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: Indian states with the best developmental indicators, 2019- 2023: HP, J&K, Kerala, TN.jpg\|Indian states with the best developmental indicators, 2019- 2023: HP, J&K, Kerala, TN <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=16_11_2025_025_004_cap_TOI Rema.Nagarajan, Nov 16, 2025: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+
		+	When it comes to development indicators, Kerala usually gets the spotlight. But three states — Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu — now top the charts with Kerala, despite not having its historic head start. On some indicators, they are even beginning to pull ahead. What these three states have in common is govts that invested early in social justice and welfare.
		+
		+	If life expectancy at birth indicates overall well-being, all three have crossed the 70-plus mark. In Himachal, it rose from just 52.6 years in 1970-75 to 74.4 years in 2019-23, and in J&K, from 56 to 74.4 years, according to the Sample Registration System. In the same period, Tamil Nadu’s life expectancy went up from 49.6 to 73.4 years. Other health and social indicators follow a similar arc, placing these states in the top ranks.
		+
		+	J&K and Himachal used land reform to successfully redistribute resources and alleviate poverty, while Tamil Nadu invested in social welfare schemes such as universalising school lunch, reserving up to 69% seats for oppressed castes in education and govt jobs, and maintaining a universal and functioning public distribution system (PDS). Each forged its own path to strengthen welfare services, adopting policies best suited for their state rather than being directed from Delhi.
		+
		+	J&K was the first to adopt land reform, as far back as 1948, even before the Communist govt was formed in Kerala. Land belonging to large landholders was redistributed to the poor, the cultivators and tenants. According to economist Jean Dreze, this played an important role in reducing poverty and laying the foundation of a relatively egalitarian economy in rural areas. In fact, he points out, this was possible because of Article 370. The Indian Constitution, at that time, protected land ownership. Himachal abolished the big landed estates system in 1953.
		+	These early land reforms meant that the two states have among the highest proportions of population owning agricultural land — 64% in J&K and 71% in Himachal. As many studies have shown, landlessness and poverty are closely correlated, and these two states also have relatively few who are multi-dimensionally poor (less than 5%), according to the latest Niti Aayog report, which gauges poverty on several dimensions, including access to civic amenities, health and education. This is despite very low urbanisation — 31% in J&K and 10% in Himachal.  In contrast, more than half of Tamil Nadu’s population lives in urban areas, and only 2.2% are considered multi-dimensionally poor. Though it started off much worse than J&K and Himachal on most health indicators, TN has caught up and even surpassed them on many.
		+
		+	“Bureaucrats tend to see social sector spending as a waste and would rather spend on industries and infrastructure. But political leaders are more conscious of the people’s needs, and they continuously pushed for greater spending on social welfare, right from the 1970s, which has paid rich dividends in the long run for Tamil Nadu,” says former health secretary R Poornalingam, who pioneered the concept of a corporation to buy and distribute essential drugs and consumables for the entire public health system. This pooled procurement put an end to stock-outs and ensured better quality medicines, helping to build people’s trust in publicly funded healthcare facilities. This model has now been adopted by states across India. Several other TN schemes, once dismissed as populist, including midday meal, subsidised rice through PDS, and maternity benefit scheme, were later adopted across India.
		+
		+	The state has maintained a strong focus on publicly funded primary healthcare. “We have been the proverbial dissenters. When the rest of the states merged medical service and public health as recommended by the Bhore committee, Tamil Nadu alone decided to keep the public health department. The public health directorate built up our primary healthcare network of services from the 1970s. We put a woman from the village as a lady health worker in every village; these were state workers and not central govt workers. We had universalised noon meals in schools by the 1980s and lady health workers could use the noon meal centres as a coordination point,” says Dr Girija Vaidyanathan, former health secretary of Tamil Nadu.
		+
		+	It also focused on population control. “We convinced women to come forward for smaller families in 1975-85. Maternal and child health services run by the directorate of public health became a strong component of our health system,” adds Dr Vaidyanathan. As a result, the state’s total fertility rate (TFR), which was almost 4 in 1971, fell to 2.1 by 2000 and is currently 1.3. Infant mortality rate is 12 and maternal mortality rate is 35, among the lowest in the country. Tamil Nadu has also constantly tweaked its education policy in response to its social equity goals. From policies that helped students from Tamil medium govt schools to become doctors to reservation in postgraduate seats for doctors in govt service, it used creative strategies to ensure that the public system did not face a shortage of doctors. While Tamil Nadu has often fought the Centre to forge its own path, Himachal used central grants to prioritise health, water, electricity, education and rural infrastructure. Himachal was 100% electrified by the 1980s despite the difficult terrain. From 7% literacy in 1947, Himachal has achieved 99% literacy, becoming a fully literate state with a very high level of education among women. The state also maintained a large, trained workforce to maintain its social infrastructure, including enough anganwadi and ASHA workers, schools and hospitals. But fiscal restructuring has affected this. As a former deputy mayor of Shimla wrote recently, where almost 45,000 workmen ensured adequate services for six lakh electricity subscribers in the 1980s, there are now just 12,000 workmen for nearly 23 lakh subscribers. This slashing of public employment has started affecting delivery of services and reduced opportunities for govt jobs. “Himachal has the highest ratio of govt employees to the population as you need people to efficiently maintain and provision public services such as health, education, power, water and roads. If you see them as costs, then the problems arise,” says a govt official.
		+
		+	Bureaucrats in Himachal and J&K also attribute better health indices to the trust in public health facilities. These are used widely for childbirth, immunisation and other health needs compared to other states. “Most people’s first point of contact is a govt health facility like a district hospital or medical college. For higher-level care, they prefer PGI Chandigarh than a corporate hospital because of trust in public facilities,” says a senior official in Himachal. Privatisation of health is low in both states compared to TN and Kerala. According to the National Health Accounts estimates for 2021-22, people in J&K spend the least out of their own pockets on healthcare. Govt spending accounts for 71% of the total expenditure on health. It is 57.5% in Himachal and 51.7% in TN against the national average of 48%.
		+
		+	Clearly, it’s not just about spending to strengthen the public health system. The three states seem to be reaping the benefits of more than 50 years of policies addressing the social determinants of health by reducing social inequity and improving living conditions through better access to clean drinking water, housing, sanitation and nutrition.
		+
		+	[[Category:Development\|SINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORSINDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDI
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	=Economic freedom=		=Economic freedom=

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 In sum, EFSI and other studies show that Gujarat has good governance. It has social and communal flaws. But it is India’s top state in economic and agricultural freedom..
 =Economic growth, Comparative=

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 [[Indian states: social parameters]]
 [[Per capita Income: India and its states ]]
 [[The reorganisation of Indian states ]]

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 ==2022==
-[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=12_01_2023_019_005_cap_TOI  Shiladitya Pandit, January 12, 2022: ''The Times of India'']
+[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=12_01_2023_019_005_cap_TOI  Shiladitya Pandit, January 12, 2023: ''The Times of India'']
-[[File: The composite rank of the top performing states in 2022.jpg|The composite rank of the top performing states in 2022 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=12_01_2023_019_005_cap_TOI  Shiladitya Pandit, January 12, 2022: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
+[[File: The composite rank of the top performing states in 2022.jpg|The composite rank of the top performing states in 2022 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=12_01_2023_019_005_cap_TOI  Shiladitya Pandit, January 12, 2023: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 Pune : Maharashtra ranked first among 17 major states, followed by Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, across seven categories in a report released by credit rating agency CareEdge on Wednesday. Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Bihar ranked the lowest on a composite basis, revealed the report.
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  Maharashtra scored well in the rankings on social factors, such as income equality, poverty alleviation and infant mortality, as well as financial inclusion among citizens and government fiscal prudence, said Rajani Sinha, CareEdge’s chief economist.
-  Among the 17 major states in the report, Uttar Pradesh ranked first on governance,largely due to its service-delivery and ease-of-doing-business initiatives. Odisha ranked first in the fiscal category.
+Among the 17 major states in the report, Uttar Pradesh ranked first on governance,largely due to its service-delivery and ease-of-doing-business initiatives. Odisha ranked first in the fiscal category.
  Gujarat was the leading state in terms of economic performance among the major states. The economic performance parameters took into account factors such as GSDP, foreign direct invest-ment (FDI) and share of industry and services in the state’s gross value added. Maharashtra finished third in the category, after Karnataka.
-  Three southern states — Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka — led the way in terms of environmental performance, which includes factors such as air quality, po-table water supply, forest cover and renewable energy.
+ Three southern states — Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka — led the way in terms of environmental performance, which includes factors such as air quality, po-table water supply, forest cover and renewable energy.
 Goa led overall among the 11 small states surveyed in the report. It scored highly in multiple parameters, such as fiscal prudence, financial inclusion and social factors.
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 Indian Economy P Ltd
-=Social progress index=
+=Social progress =
-==2016==
+==Social progress index: 2016==
 [[File: Indian states ranked according to their social progress in 2005, 2016, fulfilment of basic human needs, well-being; and opportunity1.jpg|Indian states ranked according to <br/>  i) their social progress in 2005, 2016; <br/> ii)  fulfilment of basic human needs, <br/> iii) well-being; and <br/> iv) opportunity.  <br/> From [http://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2017%2F11%2F29&entity=Ar00201&sk=4E0EA38E&mode=image November 29, 2017: '' The Times of India ''] |frame|500px]]
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 ''Indian states ranked according to i)their social progress in 2005, 2016; ii)  fulfilment of basic human needs, iii) well-being; and iv) opportunity. ''
 =See also=

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:31, 10 December 2022
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	Pakur (Jharkhand), Hailakandi (Assam) and Chatra (Jharkhand) are least-improved districts, according to the second delta ranking released by the Aayog.		Pakur (Jharkhand), Hailakandi (Assam) and Chatra (Jharkhand) are least-improved districts, according to the second delta ranking released by the Aayog.
		+
		+
		+	== The population of states, according to income groups==
		+	===2020- 21===
		+	[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=01_12_2022_030_013_cap_TOI Dec 1, 2022: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: The population of states, according to income groups, 2020-21.jpg\|The population of states, according to income groups, 2020-21 <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=01_12_2022_030_013_cap_TOI Dec 1, 2022: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	The gulf between India’s rich and poor states is yet to be bridged despite the rise of the middle and affluent classes across the country.
		+
		+	The eastern and the central regions, which have almost half the country’s population, together account for only 29% of the national income. In contrast, the South generates 30% of the disposable income with a fifth of the country’s population, an all-India survey by economic think tank People Research on India’s Consumer Economy (PRICE) has revealed.
		+
		+	The East, comprising Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha, has 14% share in income – the lowest among the six zonal councils. The central zone that consists of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, has the lowest per capita income of a shade under Rs 68,000 – which is around 36% of the richest zone and around 58% of the national average. At Rs 72,702, the eastern states fare only marginally better in per capita income.
		+
		+	While the number of ‘destitute’ households – defined as any household with annual income under Rs 1. 25 lakh – has fallen across the high-, middleand low-income states, the decrease is the sharpest in the first category and slowest among the last. The other income groups (see graphic) are aspirer (Rs 1. 25 lakh-Rs 5 lakh); middle class (Rs 5 lakh-Rs 30 lakh); rich (>Rs 30 lakh).
		+
		+	Although better off than earlier, the BIMARU grouping – which includes Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh in addition to Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh – is still home to the highest ‘destitute’ population.  In Bihar, for instance, 30% of the households fall in this category, compared with 8% in Maharashtraand 11% in Tamil Nadu.
		+
		+	In Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, almost every fourth household is destitute, with Uttar Pradesh faring much better than West Bengal, which is not counted among BIMARU states.  But India’s most populous state is second only to Biharwhen it comes to the number of destitute households.
		+
		+	PRICE MD & CEO Rajesh Shukla identified agrarian society, low literacy, lack of investment in basic infrastructure and “lack of perspective planning” for the economic backwardness of eastern and central regions.
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		+	INDIAN STATES: DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORS]]
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	=Investments, attracting the most=		=Investments, attracting the most=