Pdewan: /* Administration */

2015-03-21T21:20:43Z

‎Administration

Pdewan: /* Population */

2015-03-21T21:18:23Z

‎Population

Pdewan: /* Population */

2015-03-21T21:13:33Z

‎Population

Pdewan at 15:51, 18 March 2015

2015-03-18T15:51:05Z

Pdewan: /* Trade and communications */

2015-03-12T17:23:45Z

‎Trade and communications

Pdewan: Created page with "=Nander District, 1908= ==Physical aspects== District in the Aurangabad Division, in the north of the State of Hyderabad, lying between 18° 28' and 19° 31' N. and 77° 4..."

2015-03-12T17:22:59Z

Created page with "=Nander District, 1908= ==Physical aspects== District in the Aurangabad Division, in the north of the State of Hyderabad, lying between 18° 28' and 19° 31' N. and 77° 4..."

New page

=Nander District, 1908=

==Physical aspects==

District in the Aurangabad Division, in the
north of the State of Hyderabad, lying between 18° 28' and 19° 31' N.
and 77° 4' and 78° 6' E., with an area of 3,349 square miles ; It is
separated from the Berar District of Basim by the Penganga, and is
bounded on the east by Nizamabad, on the south by Bidar, and on the
north and west by Parbhani. A range of hills, known
as the Bhag or Thanavari, runs through the District
from north-west to south-east between Parbhani
and Nizamabad. There are minor ranges in the Nander, Kandahar,
Osmannagar, and Bhaisa taluks.

The most important river is the Godavari, which enters from the west,
and, flowing past Nander in the centre of the District in an easterly
direction, passes out into Nizamabad. The Manjra, its largest tribu-
tary, joins the Godavari on the right at Manjra Sangam (confluence),

' These limits relate to the area of the District before the changes made in lyoj ;
see paragraph on Population.
5 miles east of Kondalwadi. The Penganga forms the northern
boundary of the District, flowing in an easterly direction. Other
rivers are the Ashna, a tributary of the Godavari, flowing east and
falling into it on the left bank, about 2 miles from Nander town ; the
Siddha in the Nander and Bhaisa taluks, also a tributary of the
Godavari; the Txndi in Deglur, and the Manar in Deglur and
Kandahar.

The geological formations are the Archaean gneiss and the r3eccan
trap, occupying respectively the east and west of the District.
The District contains teak, mahud {Bassia latifolia), khair (^Acacia
Catechu), tamarind, mango, eJ'J'a {Hardwickia bhiata), nm, and various
species of Ficus.

The only taluk in which any large game is regularly found is
Hadgaon, where tigers, leopards, bears, wild dogs, hyenas, hog, wolves,
sdtnbar, barking-deer, and spotted deer are met with ; also partridges,
quail, peafowl, green pigeons, and duck.
With the exception of the Biloli taluk, which is comparatively damp,
the District is dry and healthy. In Nander and Kandahar the tem-
perature in May rises to 112°, while Hadgaon, Osmannagar, and
Deglur are cooler, the temperature being about 100° in May. In
December it falls to 60°. The average rainfall for twenty-one years,
1881-1901, was 36 inches.
==History==

The District formed part of the Chalukyan and Yadava kingdoms,
and Nander is supposed to be the old Nanagiri fort of the early
Kakatiyas. In the beginning of the fourteenth
century it was conquered by Ala-ud-dln Khilji. It
formed part of the Bahmani and subsequently of the Kutb Shahi
kingdom. The tract w^as annexed to the Mughal empire after the
conquest of the Deccan by Aurangzeb, but was separated from it on the
foundation of the Hyderabad State in the beginning of the eighteenth
century.

There are several tombs of Musalman saints at Kandahar and Nan-
der, and the fort at the latter place is old. Nander also contains the
Gurudwara of the Deccan Sikhs, where Guru Govind is buried. Two
old mosques at Nander were built, one by Malik Ambar and the other
during the reign of the Kutb Shahis. The fort of Kandahar is popu-
larly supposed to have been erected in the fourth century by Somadeva,
a Raja of Kandahar; and it may perhaps be connected with Krishna III,
the Rashtrakuta of Malkhed, who is styled lord of Kandharapura. It
is surrounded by a ditch and a strong stone wall. Deglur contains
an old temple of Ganda Maharaj, and Bhaisa another built after
the Hemadpanti style.
==Population==

The number of towns and villages in the District is 1,174, including
paigdh and Jdgirs. Its population at the last three enumerations was :

(1881) 636,023, (1891) 632,522, and (1901) 503,684. The famine of
1 899-1 900 accounts for the decrease of population in the last decade.
The towns are Nander, Bhaisa, Deglur, and Muk-
KHER. Nander is the head-quarters of the District.
About 89 per cent, of the population are Hindus and 10 per cent.
Musalmans. More than 70 per cent, speak Marathi and 14 per cent.
Telugu. The following table shows the distribution of population in
1901 : —

[[File: nander district.png||frame|500px]]

In 1905 the Mudhol taluk , and a few villages from Banswada, were
transferred from Nizamabad to this District, while Bhaisa was absorbed
in Mudhol, and Osmannagar was divided between Biloli and Kan-
dahar. The northern villages of the Nander taluks were made over
to Kalamnuri in Parbhani District, and other portions were added
to Hadgaon and Mudhol. The District in its present form thus com-
prises six taluks — Hadgaon, Mudhol, Biloli, Deglur, Kandahar, and
Nander — besides a liirgc paigah estate and jagir.

The purely agricultural castes number 171,600, or about 34 per
cent., the most important among them being Maratha Kunbis or Kapus
(129,700) and Kolis (15,500). Next come the trading castes, num-
bering 48,600, of whom 34,900 are Vanls and 11,600 Komatis. Lower
castes include Dhangars or shepherds (45,000), Mahars or village
menials (36,700), and Mangs or leather-workers (33,000). The
last two castes work as field-labourers also. There are only 10,200
Brahmans in the District. More than 65 per cent, of the population
are dependent on the land. The District contained only 9 Christians
in 1 901, of whom one was a native.

with the exception of the soils of the Kandahar taluks, the entire
District is composed of black cotton soil or regar. Portions of the
Kandahar, Nander, and Bhaisa taluks are slightly-
hilly, but other parts are fiat, with xcry gentle undula-
tions. Rati crops are e.xtensively raised, consisting of. jowar, grain.
peas, wheat, and oilseeds ; while the khar'if crops include yellow and
Berar jowar, bajra, linseed, cotton, maize, and other food-grains.

The tenure is mainly ryotwdri. In 1901 khalsa lands measured
2,544 square miles, of which 1,967 were cultivated, 202 were occupied
by cultivable waste and fallows, 310 by forests, and 65 were not avail-
able for cultivation. The staple food-crop is Jozvdr, grown on
52 per cent, of the net area cropped. Next in importance is cotton
(449 square miles) ; the other food-grains, such as bajra, tuar, and
pulses, cover 190 square miles, (oilseeds 99, and wheat 82 square miles.

Although no special breed of cattle is found, those reared in the
District are sturdy and well suited for ploughing the heavy regar. Sheep
of the ordinary kind are bred. 7'he milch goats are of a good type, and
fetch as much as Rs. 8 per head. Before the closing of the Malegaon
horse and cattle fair in Bidar District, owing to plague (1896), pateis,
pdtwdris, and well-to-do ryots used to rear numbers of ponies. The
State has provided Arab stallions in all the taluks for the improve-
ment of the breed of horses.

The principal source of irrigation is wells, which number 5,764. In
addition, 169 tanks, large and small, and 163 other sources, such
as anicuts and channels, are used. All these are in good working
order, and irrigate 46 square miles.
The forest area is very limited, only no square miles being 'reserved,'
and 200 square miles unprotected. The forests contain teak (Tectoiia
grandis), iiiahud {Bassia lafifolia), ebony {Diospyros meianoxylon),
khair {Acacia Catechu), eppa [Hardwickia binata)and tamarind.
Bhaisa, Hadgaon, and Nander are the only taluks in which any forest
areas exist.

Good basalt and granite are found in the vicinity of Nander, and
limestone in the Degliir, Bhaisa, and Kandahar taluks.
==Trade and communications==

Nander town is famous for its fine muslins, which compare with those
of Dacca. The muslin, though produced in small quantities now, is
exported. It is much prized at Hyderabad, fetching
high Prices, especially the kind used for turbans, and
the handkerchiefs and sar'is adorned with gold and
silver thread like Benares work. Ordinary cotton cloth is also woven
and is used by the poorer classes. In the Deglur and Bhaisa tdluks
coarse cloth is printed for screens and table-cloths. There is a small
factory at Nander for gold and silver thread. Coarse paper is made in
Mujahidpet, and copper and brass vessels are turned out at Mukkher.
There were three cotton-presses and three ginning factories in the
District in 1901, employing 450 hands. An impetus has been given to
this industry since the opening of the Hyderabad-Ciodavari Valley Rail-
way in 1900, and four more factories are in course of construction.

The chief exports consist of cotton, linseed, oils, ghi, Jowdr, cloth
and muslin, indigo, and food-grainrs. The principal imports are cotton
and woollen goods, raw silk, silver and gold, rice, refined sugar, kerosene
oil, opium, copper and brass sheets and vessels. The greater portion of
the trade is with the adjoining Districts ; but cotton, linseed, and indigo
are sent to Bombay, and ghi, oils, and grain to Hyderabad. Internal
trade is mostly in the hands of the Vanls, Komatis, and Momins, but
Bhatias and Kachchis from Bombay are engaged in export trade. The
opening of the Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railway in 1900 has
diverted the chief channels of trade, which formerly passed through
Hyderabad and Akola.

The Hyderabad-Godavari valley Railway traverses the District from
east to west for 40 miles, with six stations.
The District contains 141 miles of fair-weather roads. One starts
from Nander, and passing through Osmannagar and Kandahar reaches
Deglur (50 miles). The others are from Deglur to Bidar (12 miles)_,
Nander to Hingoli (12 miles), to Malakoli (25 miles), to Deglur
(12 miles), and to Nirmal (30 miles). On the Godavari and Manjra,
large coracles and rafts are kept to transport people from one bank to
the other.
==Famine==
No reliable records exist of early famines. In 1819 a great scarcity
is said to have occurred in this and the neighbouring districts, known
as Gajarkdl. In 1897 there was scarcity, and people
had not recovered from its effects when the great
famine of 1899- 1900 occurred. All the wells and streams dried up,
and there was not a drop of water in the Godavari. The rainfall in
1899 was only 15 inches, less than half the normal quantity. The
kharif and rabi crops were one-fourth and one-sixteenth of the normal.
Notwithstanding an expenditure exceeding 2 ¼ lakhs, thousands died,
and the Census of 1901 showed a decrease of 128,845 persons, while
about 22 per cent, of the cattle were lost.
==Administration==

The District is divided into three subdivisions, one comprising the
taluks of Nander and Kandahar, the second Deglur and Biloli, and
the third Mudhol and Hadgaon. Each of the last.
two is under a Second lalukdar, while the first is
under the Third Talukdar, the First Talukdar having a general super
ision over the work of all his subordinates. Each taluk is under a
tahsildilr, but the Nander taluk has a uaid (deputy) tahsilddr as well.
The District civil court is presided over by a Civil Judge, styled the
N'azim-i-Diwani three subordinate civil courts are under Munsifs.
the First Talukdar is the chief magistrate, and the District Civil Judge
is also a joint-magistrate, who exercises magisterial powers during the
absence of the first Talukdar from head-quarters. The two Second
Talukdars. as a special case, exercise first-class powers and the Third
Talukdar second-class powers within their respective subdivisions, while
the tahsildats have third-class powers. In ordinary times serious crime
is not heavy, but adverse seasons cause an increase in dacoities and
cattle-thefts.

Prior to the introduction of District administration assessments were
made on holdings, and revenue was collected either in cash or kind.
In 1866 payment in kind was commuted to cash payments, and the
ryohvdri system was introduced. In 1880 a rough survey was made,
and in 1889 the District was regularly settled for a period of fifteen
years, the rates being similar to those of Aurangabad and Bhir Dis-
tricts and in Berar. The settlement increased the revenue by 39-7 per
cent., while the survey showed that the areas of holdings had been
understated by 46 per cent. The average assessment on 'dry' land
is Rs. 1-13-6 (maximum Rs, 3-0, minimum R. 0-3), and on 'wet'
land Rs. 9 (maximum Rs. 10, minimum Rs. 6), In double-cropped
lands the assessment for the second crop is half that for the first. The
rates given above for ' wet ' lands are for the dbi crop, but for the tdbi
crop the maximum is Rs. 20 and the minimum Rs. 15.

The land revenue and the total revenue for a series of years are
shown below, in thousands of rupees : —

[[File: nander district1.png||frame|500px]]

Owing to changes of area made in 1905, the land revenue demand
now is about 15 lakhs.
In 1899 a cess of one anna in the rupee was levied on the land
revenue, and local boards were constituted. Of the total cess one-
fourth, or Rs. 20,600, is set apart for municipal and local works. The
First Talukdar is the president of the District board, and the tahsilddrs
are the chairmen of the taluk boards, except where there is a Second
Talukdar, who takes the chair at the head-quarters of his subdivision.
There is a municipality at Nander, and each of the head-quarter> of
the tdluks has a small conservancy establishment, the District and taluk
boards managing the municipalities as well. The local board expendi-
ture in 1901 was Rs. 16,000.

The First Talukdar is the head of the police, with the Superintendent
{Mohtamitn) as his executive deputy. Under him are 8 inspectors,
74 subordinate officers, 483 constables, and 25 mounted police, distri-
buted in 29 thdnas and 36 outposts. There is a District jail at Xander,
and small lock-ups are maintained in the outlying tahsil offices. Short-
term prisoners only are kept in the District jail, those whose sentences
exceed six months being sent to the Central jail at Aurangabad.

In 1 90 1 the proportion of persons able to read and write was 1-2 per
cent. (4-2 males and 0-03 females), so that the Disliicl takes a medium
place in the State as regards the literacy of its population. The total
number of pupils under instruction in 1881, 1S91, 1901, and 1903 was
665, 951, 2,346, and 2,905 respectively. In 1903 there were 68 primary
and 3 middle schools, with 155 girls under instruction. The total
amount spent on education in 1901 was Rs. 16,000, of which Rs. 10,300
was contributed by the State, and the remainder by the boards. The
total receipts from fees amounted to Rs. 810.

The District contains two hospitals, with accommodation for 6 in-
patients. The total number of out-patients treated during 1901 was
20, 1 60, and of in-patients 73, while 348 operations were performed.
The total expenditure was Rs. 6,516, which was met by the State. The
number of persons successfully vaccinated in 1901 was 860, or 1-71 per
1,000 of population.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
This article has been extracted from <br/>

THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.<br/>

OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.
</div>
|}
[[Category:India|N]]
[[Category:Places|N]]
''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. ''

@@ Line 245: / Line 245: @@
 shown below, in thousands of rupees : —
-[[File: nander district1.png||frame|500px]]
+[[File: nander district1.6.png||frame|500px]]
 Owing to changes of area made in 1905, the land revenue demand

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 : —
-[[File: nander district.png||frame|500px]]
+[[File: nander district1.5.png||frame|500px]]
 In 1905 the Mudhol taluk , and a few villages from Banswada, were

@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
 Good basalt and granite are found in the vicinity of Nander, and
 limestone in the Degliir, Bhaisa, and Kandahar taluks.
 ==Trade and communications==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 =Nander District, 1908=
 ==Physical aspects==
@@ Line 269: / Line 282: @@
 The total expenditure was Rs. 6,516, which was met by the State. The
 number of persons successfully vaccinated in 1901 was 860, or 1-71 per
 ,000 of population.
-−
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-|colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
-This article has been extracted from <br/>
-−
-THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.<br/>
-−
-OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.
-</div>
-|}
-[[Category:India|N]]
-[[Category:Places|N]]
-''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. ''

@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 of Dacca. The muslin, though produced in small quantities now, is
 exported. It is much prized at Hyderabad, fetching
- high Prices, especially the kind used for turbans, and
+high Prices, especially the kind used for turbans, and
 the handkerchiefs and sar'is adorned with gold and
 silver thread like Benares work. Ordinary cotton cloth is also woven
@@ Line 179: / Line 179: @@
 (12 miles), and to Nirmal (30 miles). On the Godavari and Manjra,
 large coracles and rafts are kept to transport people from one bank to
 the other.
 ==Famine==
 No reliable records exist of early famines. In 1819 a great scarcity

Nander District, 1908 - Revision history

Pdewan: /* Administration */

Pdewan: /* Population */

Pdewan: /* Population */

Pdewan at 15:51, 18 March 2015

Pdewan: /* Trade and communications */

Pdewan: Created page with "=Nander District, 1908= ==Physical aspects== District in the Aurangabad Division, in the north of the State of Hyderabad, lying between 18° 28' and 19° 31' N. and 77° 4..."