World War II and India - Revision history

Jyoti: /* The US Army Air Force (USAAF) in India */

2025-04-07T17:36:19Z

‎The US Army Air Force (USAAF) in India

Jyoti: /* World War II in Northeast India */

2023-11-09T06:29:54Z

‎World War II in Northeast India

Jyoti: /* Dunkirk */

2023-07-29T07:05:36Z

‎Dunkirk

Pdewan: /* See also */

2023-06-30T11:34:02Z

‎See also

Jyoti: /* Remembering the 300 “nut-brown” soldiers */

2021-09-06T20:48:44Z

‎Remembering the 300 “nut-brown” soldiers

Jyoti: /* Indian soldiers in battles outside India */

2021-09-06T20:48:31Z

‎Indian soldiers in battles outside India

Jyoti: /* 2020: 122 bombs, found in Moreh */

2020-11-20T06:49:02Z

‎2020: 122 bombs, found in Moreh

Jyoti: /* The battles of Imphal and Kohima: Britain's greatest? */

2020-11-20T06:48:43Z

‎The battles of Imphal and Kohima: Britain's greatest?

Jyoti: /* The China-Burma-India theatre */

2020-09-13T20:39:44Z

‎The China-Burma-India theatre

Jyoti: /* Reconstructing the history of WW II in the North-East */

2020-09-13T20:00:05Z

‎Reconstructing the history of WW II in the North-East

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:36, 7 April 2025
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	After 73 years, the remains of First Lieutenant Allen R Turner and Joseph I Natvick were identified through DNA testing in September 2018.		After 73 years, the remains of First Lieutenant Allen R Turner and Joseph I Natvick were identified through DNA testing in September 2018.
		+
		+	==1944: crash in Sapekhati (Assam)===
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=17_03_2025_008_001_cap_TOI Parth Shastri, March 17, 2025: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+
		+	It was the summer of 1944, during World War-II. A B-29 Superfortress airplane, part of US armed forces’ 444th Bombardment Group (very heavy), was returning to its base after a bombing raid on the Imperial Iron and Steel Works at Yawata, Kyushu Island, in Japan. The airplane crashed in the rice fields of Sapekhati, today’s Assam, killing all 11 crew members aboard. US teams visited the site after the war, but could recover remains of only seven soldiers. Eighty years later, search for the other four resumed, and search teams managed to find the remains of three.
		+
		+	The three soldiers have been identified as Flight Officer Chester L Rinke, 33, of Marquette, Michigan; Second lieutenant Walter B Miklosh, 21, of Chicago, Illinois; and Sargent Donal C Aiken, 33, of Everett, Washington. They were part of the bombardment mission and died in the airplane crash. Officials associated with the process said the remains will be sent to the US with due procedure.
		+
		+	The search was a joint effort by Gandhinagar-based National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU) and USbased University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL), as part of a tripartite agreement with the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) of the United States. The teams visited the site in 2022-23 and collected a large cache of samples, including human remains and material evidence like buttons, boot fragments, identification tags, parachute fragments, coins, and survival compass backing. A recent analysis of the samples confirmed identity of the three soldiers.
		+
		+	Gargi Jani, project lead, NFSU, said, “Standard archaeological methods were used to excavate the site of the crash and its periphery. However, since the sediments were saturated with water, a wetscreening operation was used to force water through a series of pumps and tubes and force the mud through 6mm mesh screens to remove the mud and find any small piece of evidence.” A stepped excavation method was used as a safety measure to avoid collapse as trenches were often over 3 metres deep, she said. The DPAA website mentioned the identification was carried out based on material and anthropological evidence along with techniques such as ‘mtDNA’, ‘YSTR’, analysis by scientists from the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System.
		+
		+	[[Category:Defence\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:History\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Places\|NWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]

	=See also=		=See also=

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 ==The battles of Imphal and Kohima: Britain's greatest?==
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← Older revision		Revision as of 07:05, 29 July 2023
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	Yet this significant contribution is missing from Christopher Nolan's recent Hollywood film, Dunkirk. Lt Cdr Manish Tayal of the Royal Navy expressed regret at the “missed opportunity to also tell the story of the lascars“, Indian sailors who operated the merchant ships and other non-military vessels that came to rescue the stranded warriors. Is that comedian Manning's spirit haunting Nolan's otherwise brilliant work?		Yet this significant contribution is missing from Christopher Nolan's recent Hollywood film, Dunkirk. Lt Cdr Manish Tayal of the Royal Navy expressed regret at the “missed opportunity to also tell the story of the lascars“, Indian sailors who operated the merchant ships and other non-military vessels that came to rescue the stranded warriors. Is that comedian Manning's spirit haunting Nolan's otherwise brilliant work?
		+
		+	==Monte Cassino: 1944==
		+	[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-soldier-who-flung-himself-to-death-to-save-his-entire-group/articleshow/101360631.cms DP Ramachandran, June 29, 2023: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	'' Lead illustration: Shinod Akkaraparambil ''
		+
		+	'' The writer is a retired army officer and military heritage enthusiast ''
		+
		+	Monte Cassino was founded in 529 CE by Benedict of Nursia and dominates the nearby town of Cassino and entrances to the Liri and Rapido valleys in southern Italy. The structure that a tourist to the ancient monastery sees today, however, is not that old.  On February 15, 1944, at the height of World War II, American bombers dropped 1,400 tonnes of high explosives on the monastery, reducing it to rubble. A repentant US government later reconstructed the structure after the war.
		+
		+	Before that, in 1943, Monte Cassino was bombed by the Allies, considered one of the most foolish operations of the war. It was a result of flawed intelligence that German troops had occupied the monastery, which would have given them the advantage of a vantage position to direct artillery fire on the Allied troops advancing northward up from the valleys below, after landing on the southern tip of the Italian peninsula.
		+
		+	The bombing proved counterproductive. The Germans had not occupied the monastery to avoid offending the clergy. But now that it was bombed, they found the rubble ideal for defensive positions.  Bolstering the ruins with barbed wire, mines and booby traps, they created a formidable defence line-up, rendering its forward approaches into what would come to be notoriously named the ‘Death Valley’ by the assaulting troops.
		+
		+	It would take another three months and four murderous assaults for the Allies to capture Monte Cassino and overrun the German Gustav Line of Winter defence (series of military fortifications) that ran to either side of the hill, which would benchmark the Battle of Monte Cassino — often referred to as the Battle for Rome — as one of the fiercest encounters of the war.
		+
		+	The famed 4th Indian Infantry ‘Red Eagle’ Division that had been part of the VIII British Army since its North African campaign earlier in the war, joined the Italian campaign, landing at Taranto on the Adriatic Coast to the east of the peninsula in December 1943.  It was then moved to the Sangro sector and placed under the command of the 5th US Army operating along the west coast. The US formation, successfully crossing the river Rapido in February of 1944, deployed the Indian division to attack Monte Cassino from the north.
		+
		+	The daunting task of staging the first assault after the bombing fell on the division. While the Rajput and Gurkha infantry troops took up the assault, their main sapper cover was provided by two companies of the Madras Sappers, 11 Field Park and 12 Field.
		+
		+	As the battle raged, on February 24, 1944, viceroy’s commissioned officer (VCO) Jemadar Jagat Singh of the Electrical and Mechanical Engineers strayed into a minefield. Lieutenant Young, commanding the detachment, desperately sought help to rescue him.
		+
		+	''' Incomparable bravery '''
		+
		+	And that was when Subedar K Subramaniam of the 11 Field Park Company came forward. He volunteered to lead a breaching team. Subramaniam moved in front with a mine detector, while Lance Naik Sigamani followed him closely, marking the breached path with a white tape, with the rest of the team following.
		+
		+	There was a sudden blip that came from behind Subramaniam. A veteran of mine warfare, Subramaniam discerned instantly that Sigamani behind had stepped over an anti-personnel mine. He knew that within four seconds of the blip the canister would be thrown into the air and explode, in all probability taking the whole team with it.
		+
		+	In a split-second decision of incomparable bravery, the subedar pushed the non-commissioned officer (NCO) away and hurled himself on the device, absorbing the impact of the blast with his body.
		+
		+	He lived for a couple of minutes more as his comrades, the young British officer, who had accompanied the team among them, stood stunned around him. Then he breathed his last, evidently content that he had saved the lives of his men.
		+	Subedar Subramaniam was awarded the George Cross, the highest British award for gallantry while not in direct combat with the enemy. He was the first Indian recipient of this award. The young widow of Subramaniam received the George Cross from Lord Archibald Wavell, the Viceroy of India, at a special ceremony.
		+
		+	The equivalent of the present-day Ashok Chakra of India, the George Cross was originally instituted by the British to honour the gallantry of police and fire service personnel during the Battle of Britain earlier in the war but was later extended to the armed forces.
		+
		+	Mine warfare was not considered direct combat by the British at that time and therefore the acts of gallantry therein were not counted eligible for regular military awards like Victoria Cross and Military Cross. Such discrimination no longer exists in the Indian Army, and mine warfare is treated as direct combat.
		+
		+	The Sangro River Cremation Memorial in Italy erected in memory of the soldiers from India who fell fighting in Italy during the Second World War and were cremated there, and the Memorial Gates on Constitution Hill in London that commemorates the Allied dead of that war, carry Subramaniam’s name.
		+
		+	Sadly, in his own country and state he remains largely forgotten. The sole memorial honouring this war hero in the country is a memorial built by the authorities of Kancheepuram district in the village of Keelottivakkam where he hailed from.
		+
		+	The Madras Engineer Group (MEG) to which Subramaniam belonged, remembers him with a day named after him, when a commemorative event is held. A new junior commissioned officers’ mess constructed at the MEG centre in Bengaluru in 1992 is named after him.
		+
		+	For generations of young recruits inducted into the Madras Sappers, he has remained an icon, and his act of valour continues to be an eternal source of inspiration for all Indian sappers and soldiers of the country.
		+
		+	[[Category:Defence\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:History\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Places\|NWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]

	==Remembering the 300 “nut-brown” soldiers ==		==Remembering the 300 “nut-brown” soldiers ==

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 [[World War I and India]]
 [[World War II and India]]
 and many more...

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 ==Remembering the 300 “nut-brown” soldiers ==
-[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL/2021/08/29&entity=Ar02603&sk=A225A14C&mode=text  August 28, 2021: ''The Times of India'']
+[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL/2021/08/29&entity=Ar02603&sk=A225A14C&mode=text  August 29, 2021: ''The Times of India'']
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 WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
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 WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]

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 Force K-6 spent time on the British Isles until 1944 when they were sent back to India to join the Burma theatre of the war. By then, the Indian Army that had started the war with a little over 1,94,000 men had expanded to nearly 2.5 million men, becoming the largest volunteer army in history .
 [[File:WORLD WAR.png|Indian migration to Gulf falls, remittances dip|frame|500px]]
 Yet this significant contribution is missing from Christopher Nolan's recent Hollywood film, Dunkirk. Lt Cdr Manish Tayal of the Royal Navy expressed regret at the “missed opportunity to also tell the story of the lascars“, Indian sailors who operated the merchant ships and other non-military vessels that came to rescue the stranded warriors. Is that comedian Manning's spirit haunting Nolan's otherwise brilliant work?
 =The US Army Air Force (USAAF) in India=
 == Crash of C-109 aircraft at Bishmaknagar (Lower Dibang Valley)==

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 At the fifth battlefield that Mr Yumnam has marked for proper and further digging, the relics will enrich his collections with which he hopes to establish a Second World War museum in Manipur along with other like-minded researchers, to coincide with the 70th year of the Battle of Imphal in 2014.
-==2020: 122 bombs, found in Moreh  ==
+===2020: 122 bombs, found in Moreh===
 [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2020%2F11%2F18&entity=Ar01108&sk=0A86EA5A&mode=text  K Sarojkumar Sharma, November 18, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 At least 122 bombs, believed to be from the World War II-era, were found at Manipur’s Moreh town bordering Myanmar on Tuesday morning, reports K Sarojkumar Sharma. The bombs were detected around 10am during excavation work for building construction at Moreh’s ward No 9, police sources said. Moreh police rushed to the spot, retrieved the bombs and kept them safely at their station.
 Thousands of soldiers of both the clashing Japanese and Allied Forces were killed and many others injured in various pitched battles fought across Manipur, one of the significant theatres of WWII.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:48, 20 November 2020
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	At the fifth battlefield that Mr Yumnam has marked for proper and further digging, the relics will enrich his collections with which he hopes to establish a Second World War museum in Manipur along with other like-minded researchers, to coincide with the 70th year of the Battle of Imphal in 2014.		At the fifth battlefield that Mr Yumnam has marked for proper and further digging, the relics will enrich his collections with which he hopes to establish a Second World War museum in Manipur along with other like-minded researchers, to coincide with the 70th year of the Battle of Imphal in 2014.
		+
		+	==2020: 122 bombs, found in Moreh ==
		+	[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2020%2F11%2F18&entity=Ar01108&sk=0A86EA5A&mode=text K Sarojkumar Sharma, November 18, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+
		+	122 World War-II bombs found in Manipur town
		+
		+	Imphal:
		+
		+	At least 122 bombs, believed to be from the World War II-era, were found at Manipur’s Moreh town bordering Myanmar on Tuesday morning, reports K Sarojkumar Sharma. The bombs were detected around 10am during excavation work for building construction at Moreh’s ward No 9, police sources said. Moreh police rushed to the spot, retrieved the bombs and kept them safely at their station.
		+	Thousands of soldiers of both the clashing Japanese and Allied Forces were killed and many others injured in various pitched battles fought across Manipur, one of the significant theatres of WWII.
		+
		+	[[Category:Defence\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:History\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Places\|NWORLD WAR II AND INDIAWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]

	== Japan’s greatest defeat; Britain’s greatest battle, bigger than Waterloo, D-Day==		== Japan’s greatest defeat; Britain’s greatest battle, bigger than Waterloo, D-Day==

@@ Line 287: / Line 287: @@
 == The China-Burma-India theatre==
 === Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand===
-[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2020%2F09%2F05&entity=Ar02604&sk=DFF5607A&mode=text  Yudhajit Shankar Das, September 5, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
+[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-and-died-on-the-same-side/articleshow/77866558.cms   Yudhajit Shankar Das, September 1, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
 In a walled patch of land, which lies largely marooned, are a series of graves, their bricks crumbling. Plants and creepers clamber all over them. In this cemetery by the historic Stilwell Road in Arunachal Pradesh’s Changlang district, close to the Myanmar border, is a grave with an epitaph in Chinese characters. A commander from China, an unsung hero of World War II, rests here in Indian soil. His is one of the nearly 1,000 graves of Chinese, Kachin, American, Indian and British soldiers from an era when battle lines were drawn differently, and soldiers from China, India and the US fought on the same side against a common enemy.
-At a distance of over 1,500km from this lush green cemetery in Jairampur is another resting place in the small town of Ramgarh in Jharkhand. The two graveyards are connected by the military stratagem of General Joseph Stilwell, the American commander of the China-Burma-India (CBI) theatre of WWII. In Ramgarh, over 60,000 Chinese soldiers were trained and armed with modern weapons by American officers, in one of the first US military training centres outside the United States, say researchers. Over 600 graves of Chinese soldiers in Ramgarh bear testimony to a story which is markedly different from today’s confrontational narrative on the India-China border in Ladakh. On the 75th anniversary of the ending of World War II with the formal surrender of Japan, it also seems surreal that the US, now trying to contain a militarily-assertive Beijing, once trained thousands of Chinese troops in India.
+At a distance of over 1,500km from this lush green cemetery in Jairampur is another resting place in the small town of Ramgarh in Jharkhand. The two graveyards are connected by the military stratagem of General Joseph Stilwell, the American commander of the China-Burma-India (CBI) theatre of WWII. In Ramgarh, over 60,000 Chinese soldiers were trained and armed with modern weapons by American officers, in one of the first US military training centres outside the United States, say researchers. Over 600 graves of Chinese soldiers in Ramgarh bear testimony to a story which is markedly different from today’s confrontational narrative on the India-China border in Ladakh. On the 75th anniversary of the ending of World War II, it also seems surreal that the US, now trying to contain a militarily-assertive Beijing, once trained and armed thousands of Chinese troops here in India.
-“The combined efforts of the Indian, Chinese and American forces in the CBI theatre is a fascinating example of how collaboration among nations can achieve near-impossible objectives in war,” says Sqr Lds Rana Chhina (retd), secretary, USI Centre for Military History and Conflict Research.
+The New York Times in a 2011 report talks about the first event by China to bring home its fallen soldiers. "In a ceremony at a war memorial in Tengchong, Yunnan, the remains of 19 soldiers of the Nationalist Chinese Expeditionary Force who died in Burma during WWII were reburied in China, a first since the Communists seized power in 1949," it reports. In 2017, diplomats from the Chinese consulate in Kolkata visited the Ramgarh cemetery on Tomb-Sweeping Day and paid their respects to the soldiers.
-The Ledo Road, later renamed the Stilwell Road : , is an engineering marvel barreled through dense forests, rugged hills and treacherous swamps in the thick of WWII. The Japanese occupation of Burma in 1942 had cut off the Burma Road, the last land route by which the Allies could deliver aid to the anti-Communist army of Chiang Kai-shek. A brainchild of General Stilwell, the project was started in 1942 and took over two years to be completed. So many lives were lost in constructing it, that it is known as ‘A Man a Mile Road’.
+Back in Jairampur in Arunachal Pradesh, amid thick foliage and constant cry of cicadas, time slowly and stealthily corrodes most evidence. And the remains of hundreds of brave soldiers lie in wait to find a place in a dignified chapter rather than being just a footnote in history.
-“The Ramgarh camp used to be an internment camp for Italian and German subjects at the beginning of WW II,” says Cao Yin, associate professor at Tsinghua University in Beijing, who specialises in 20th century India-China connections.
-How important is this unique historical legacy in terms of conflict resolution? Chhina says, “Shared histories are very potent tools for symbolic reconciliations. They speak to our common past. A shared past of a conflict can be a binding legacy.”
-[[Category:Defence|W
+[[Category:Defence|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
 WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
-[[Category:History|W
+[[Category:History|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
 WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
-[[Category:India|W
+[[Category:India|WWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
 WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
-[[Category:Places|N
+[[Category:Places|NWORLD WAR II AND INDIA
 WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:00, 13 September 2020
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	This essay has been uploaded in response to a suggestion to that effect received from Mr. Leishangthem Surjit.		This essay has been uploaded in response to a suggestion to that effect received from Mr. Leishangthem Surjit.
		+
		+	== The China-Burma-India theatre==
		+	=== Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand===
		+	[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2020%2F09%2F05&entity=Ar02604&sk=DFF5607A&mode=text Yudhajit Shankar Das, September 5, 2020: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+
		+	In a walled patch of land, which lies largely marooned, are a series of graves, their bricks crumbling. Plants and creepers clamber all over them. In this cemetery by the historic Stilwell Road in Arunachal Pradesh’s Changlang district, close to the Myanmar border, is a grave with an epitaph in Chinese characters. A commander from China, an unsung hero of World War II, rests here in Indian soil. His is one of the nearly 1,000 graves of Chinese, Kachin, American, Indian and British soldiers from an era when battle lines were drawn differently, and soldiers from China, India and the US fought on the same side against a common enemy.
		+
		+	At a distance of over 1,500km from this lush green cemetery in Jairampur is another resting place in the small town of Ramgarh in Jharkhand. The two graveyards are connected by the military stratagem of General Joseph Stilwell, the American commander of the China-Burma-India (CBI) theatre of WWII. In Ramgarh, over 60,000 Chinese soldiers were trained and armed with modern weapons by American officers, in one of the first US military training centres outside the United States, say researchers. Over 600 graves of Chinese soldiers in Ramgarh bear testimony to a story which is markedly different from today’s confrontational narrative on the India-China border in Ladakh. On the 75th anniversary of the ending of World War II with the formal surrender of Japan, it also seems surreal that the US, now trying to contain a militarily-assertive Beijing, once trained thousands of Chinese troops in India.
		+
		+	“The combined efforts of the Indian, Chinese and American forces in the CBI theatre is a fascinating example of how collaboration among nations can achieve near-impossible objectives in war,” says Sqr Lds Rana Chhina (retd), secretary, USI Centre for Military History and Conflict Research.
		+
		+	The Ledo Road, later renamed the Stilwell Road : , is an engineering marvel barreled through dense forests, rugged hills and treacherous swamps in the thick of WWII. The Japanese occupation of Burma in 1942 had cut off the Burma Road, the last land route by which the Allies could deliver aid to the anti-Communist army of Chiang Kai-shek. A brainchild of General Stilwell, the project was started in 1942 and took over two years to be completed. So many lives were lost in constructing it, that it is known as ‘A Man a Mile Road’.
		+	“The Ramgarh camp used to be an internment camp for Italian and German subjects at the beginning of WW II,” says Cao Yin, associate professor at Tsinghua University in Beijing, who specialises in 20th century India-China connections.
		+	How important is this unique historical legacy in terms of conflict resolution? Chhina says, “Shared histories are very potent tools for symbolic reconciliations. They speak to our common past. A shared past of a conflict can be a binding legacy.”
		+
		+	[[Category:Defence\|W
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:History\|W
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|W
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Places\|N
		+	WORLD WAR II AND INDIA]]

	=World War II and the rest of India=		=World War II and the rest of India=