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<p>&#60;body lang=EN-IN style=&#39;tab-interval:36.0pt&#39;&#62;</p>
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<div class="Section1">
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 +
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
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<tr>
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<td>
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 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>This article has been extracted from</span><span class="GramE"><span> </span><span> THE</span></span><span /></p>
 +
<pre>
 +
IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;
 +
</pre>
 +
</td>
 +
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
</table>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span>Note:
 +
National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since
 +
1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into
 +
smaller units, units, and many <span class="SpellE">tahsils</span> upgraded to <span class="SpellE">districts.Many</span> units have since been renamed. Therefore,
 +
this article is being posted mainly for its historical value.</span></i><span> </span><a href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee015643mbp" rel="nofollow"><b><span lang="EN-US">The Imperial Gazetteer Of India
 +
Vol XXI</span></b></a><span class="GramE"><b><span lang="EN-US">&#34; <span> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">THE</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL <span class="GramE">GAZETTEER
 +
<span> </span>OF</span> INDIA <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOL. XXI <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUSHKAR TO SALWEEN <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NEW EDITION <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF
 +
HIS <span class="GramE">MAJESTY&#39;S <span> </span>_</span>S*RE.TARY
 +
OP STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">OXFORD <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS <span> </span>1908 <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">HENRY FROWDE, M.A. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OP
 +
OXFORD <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">LONDON, EDINBURGH <span> </span>NEW YORK AND TORONTO <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTRODUCTORY NOTES <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Vowel-Sounds <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> has the sound of a in &#39; woman/ <span> </span>a
 +
has the sound of a in &#39; father &#39; <span> </span>e has
 +
the vowel-sound in c grey.&#39; <span> </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">i</span></span> has the sound of <span class="SpellE">i</span> m &#39; pin &#39; <span> </span>I has
 +
the sound of / in &#39; police.&#39; <span> </span><span class="GramE">o</span> has the sound of o in &#39; bone,&#39; <span> </span>u has the sound of n in * bull.&#39; <span> </span><span class="GramE">u</span> has the sound of u
 +
in &#39; flute,&#39; <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ai</span>
 +
has the vowel-sound in &#39; mine.&#39; <span> </span>au has
 +
the vowel-sound m &#39; house/ <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should be stated that no
 +
attempt has been made to distinguish <span> </span>between
 +
the long and short sounds of e and o in the Dravidian <span> </span>languages, which possess the vowel-sounds in &#39;
 +
bet &#39; and &#39; hot &#39; in <span> </span>addition to those <span class="SpellE">giveti^bove</span> <i>Nor has it been thought necessary <span> </span>to mark vowels as long m cases where mistakes</i>
 +
in pronunciation <span> </span>were not likely to be
 +
made, <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Consonants <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Most Indian languages have different
 +
Forms for a number of con- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">sonants</span>, such as d) t, r&#62;&#38;c., marked m scientific
 +
works by the use <span> </span>of dots or italics. As
 +
the European ear distinguishes these <span class="GramE">with <span> </span>difficulty</span> in <span class="SpellE">oidinary</span>
 +
pronunciation, it has been considered <span class="SpellE">undesir</span>- <span> </span>able to embarrass the reader with them ; and
 +
only two notes are <span> </span>required. In the
 +
first place, the Arabic k, a strong guttural, <span class="GramE">has <span> </span>been</span> represented by k instead of ^,
 +
which is often used. Secondly, <span> </span>it should
 +
be remarked that aspirated consonants are common ; and, <span> </span>m particular, dh and <span class="SpellE">th</span>
 +
(except in Burma) never have the sound of <span> </span><span class="SpellE">th</span> in &#39;this&#39; or
 +
&#39;thin,&#39; but should be pronounced as <span class="SpellE">ia</span> &#39; woodhouse&#39; <span> </span>and &#39;boathook 5 <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">A 2 <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">iv INTRODUCTORY NOTES <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese Words <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Burmese and some of the languages
 +
on the frontier of China have <span> </span>the
 +
following special sounds : <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">aw has the vowel-sound in &#39; law.&#39;
 +
<span> </span><span class="GramE">o</span> and u are
 +
pronounced as in German. <span> </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">gy</span></span> is pronounced almost like/ in *
 +
jewel &#39; <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ky</span> is
 +
pronounced almost like <span class="SpellE">ch</span> in &#39; church. <span class="GramE">7 <span> </span><span class="SpellE">th</span></span>
 +
is pronounced in some cases as in l this,&#39; in some cases as in <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> thin.&#39; <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">w after a consonant has the force
 +
of <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">uw</span></span>. Thus, <span class="SpellE">ywa</span> and <span class="SpellE">pwe</span> <span> </span>are disyllables, pronounced as if written <span class="SpellE">yitwa</span> and <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">It should also be noted that,
 +
whereas in Indian words the accent <span> </span>or
 +
stress is distributed almost equally on each syllable, in Burmese <span> </span>there is a tendency to throw special stress on
 +
the last syllable <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">General <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The names of some places e.g.
 +
Calcutta, Bombay, <span class="SpellE">Lucknow</span>, <span> </span>Cawnpore have obtained a popular fixity of
 +
spelling, while special <span> </span>forms have been
 +
officially prescribed for others Names of persons <span> </span>are often spelt and pronounced differently in
 +
different parts of India ; <span> </span>but the
 +
variations have been made as few as possible by assimilating <span> </span>forms almost alike, especially where a
 +
particular spelling has been <span> </span>generally
 +
adopted in English books <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">NOTES ON MONEY, PRICES, WEIGHTS
 +
AND MEASURES <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">As the currency of India is based
 +
upon the rupee, all statements <span> </span>with
 +
regard to money throughout the Gazetteer have necessarily been <span> </span>expressed in rupees, nor has it been found
 +
possible to add generally <span> </span>a conversion
 +
into sterling. Down to about 1873 the gold value of <span> </span>the rupee (containing 165 grains of pure
 +
silver) was approximately <span> </span>equal to <span class="SpellE">zs</span>., or one-tenth of a , and for that period it is easy to <span> </span>convert rupees into sterling by striking off
 +
the final cipher (Rs. 1,000 <span> </span>= 100). But
 +
after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver as <span> </span>compared with gold throughout the world, there
 +
came a serious and <span> </span>progressive fall in
 +
the exchange, until at one time the gold value of <span> </span>the rupee dropped as low as is In order to
 +
provide a remedy for <span> </span>the heavy loss
 +
caused to the Government of India in respect of its <span> </span>gold payments to be made in England, and also
 +
to relieve foreign <span> </span>trade and finance
 +
from the inconvenience due to constant and <span> </span>unforeseen fluctuations in exchange, it was
 +
resolved in 1893 to close <span> </span>the mints to
 +
the free coinage of silver, and thus force up the value of <span> </span>the rupee by restricting the circulation. The
 +
intention was to <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">laise</span></span><span class="GramE"> </span><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES v <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">the exchange value of the rupee
 +
to is 4^, and then introduce a gold <span> </span>standard
 +
(though not <span class="SpellE">necessanly</span> a gold <span class="SpellE">cuirency</span>)
 +
at the rate of Rs. 15 <span> </span>= <span class="SpellE">i</span>. This policy has been completely successful. From 1899 on<span class="GramE">- <span> </span>wards</span> the value of
 +
the rupee has been maintained, with insignificant <span> </span>fluctuations, at the proposed late of <span class="SpellE">i</span>,?. <span class="GramE">4^.</span> ; and consequently since <span> </span>that date three rupees have been equivalent to
 +
two <span class="SpellE">lupees</span> <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873 <span> </span>For the intermediate period, between 1873 and
 +
1899, it is manifestly <span> </span>impossible to
 +
adopt any fixed sterling value for a constantly changing <span> </span>rupee. But since 1899, if it is desired to
 +
convert rupees into sterling<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>not</span> only must the final cipher be <span class="SpellE">stiuck</span> off (as <span class="SpellE">befoie</span> 1873), DI U
 +
<span> </span>also one-third must be subtracted from
 +
the result. Thus Rs. <span class="GramE">1,000 <span> </span>=</span> 100 -J = (about) 67. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Another matter in <span class="SpellE">connexion</span> with the expression of money state<span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ments</span></span>
 +
in terms of rupees requires to be explained. The method <span class="GramE">of <span> </span>numerical</span> notation in India differs
 +
from that which <span class="SpellE">pievails</span> through- <span> </span>out Europe. Large numbers are not punctuated
 +
in <span class="SpellE">hundieds</span> of thou<span class="GramE">- <span> </span>sands</span> and millions, but in <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span> and <span class="SpellE">crores</span>. A <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> <span> </span>thousand (written out as 1,00,000), and a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> is one <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> <span class="SpellE">lakhs</span> <span> </span>or ten
 +
millions (written out as 1,00,00,000), Consequently, accord- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">ing</span> to the exchange
 +
value of the rupee, a <span class="SpellE">lakh</span> of rupees (Rs 1,00,000) <span> </span>may be read as the equivalent of 10,000 before
 +
1873, and as the <span> </span>equivalent of (about)
 +
6,667 after 1899 ; while a <span class="SpellE">crore</span> of rupees <span> </span>(Rs. 1,00,00,000) may similarly be read as the
 +
equivalent of <span> </span>1,000,000 before 1873, and
 +
as the equivalent of (about) 666,667 <span> </span>after
 +
1899. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Finally, it should be mentioned
 +
that the rupee is divided <span class="GramE">into <span> </span>1</span> 6 <span class="SpellE">annas</span>, a
 +
fraction commonly used for many purposes by both <span> </span>natives and Europeans. The <span class="SpellE">anna</span>
 +
was formerly reckoned as <span class="SpellE">i^d</span>. ; <span> </span>it may now be considered as exactly
 +
corresponding to id The <span> </span><span class="SpellE">anna</span> is again subdivided into 12 pies. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The various systems of weights
 +
used in India combine <span class="GramE">uniformity <span> </span>of</span> scale with immense <span class="SpellE">vanations</span> in the weight of units. The <span class="GramE">scale
 +
<span> </span>used</span> generally throughout
 +
Northern India, and less commonly in <span> </span>Madras
 +
and Bombay, may be thus <span class="SpellE">expiessed</span> : one <span class="SpellE">maund</span> = 40 seers ; <span> </span>one
 +
seer = 16 <span class="SpellE">chittaks</span> or 80 <span class="SpellE">tolas</span>.
 +
The actual weight of a seer <span> </span>varies <span class="SpellE">gieatly</span> from District to District, and even from village to
 +
<span> </span>village., but in the standard system the
 +
<span class="SpellE">tola</span> is 180 grains Troy <span> </span>(the exact weight of the rupee), and the <span class="SpellE">seei</span> thus weighs 2-057 lb., <span> </span>and the <span class="SpellE">maund</span> 82-28
 +
lb. This <span class="SpellE">standaid</span> is used in official <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">leports</span></span><span class="GramE"> <span> </span>and</span> throughout the Gazetteer. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For calculating retail prices,
 +
the universal custom in India is <span class="GramE">to <span> </span>express</span> them in <span class="SpellE">tenns</span>
 +
of seers to the rupee. Thus, when <span class="GramE">prices <span> </span>change</span>, what varies is not the amount
 +
of money to be paid for the <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VI <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">vi INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">same quantity, but the quantity
 +
to be obtained for the same amount <span> </span>of
 +
money. In other words, prices in India are quantity prices, <span class="GramE">not
 +
<span> </span>money</span> prices, When the figure of
 +
quantity goes up, this of course <span> </span>means
 +
that the price has gone down, which is at first sight perplexing <span> </span>to an English reader. It may, however, be
 +
mentioned that <span class="GramE">quantity <span> </span>prices</span> are not altogether unknown in
 +
England, especially at small <span> </span>shops,
 +
where pennyworths of many groceries can be bought. Eggs<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>likewise</span>, are commonly sold at a
 +
varying number for the shilling <span> </span>If <span class="SpellE">it&#39;be</span> desired to convert quantity prices from Indian into
 +
English <span> </span>denominations without having
 +
recourse to money <span class="SpellE">piices</span> (which would <span> </span>often be misleading), the following scale may
 +
be adopted based <span> </span>upon the assumptions
 +
that a seer is exactly 2 <span class="SpellE">Ib</span> , and that the value <span> </span>of the rupee remains constant at <span class="SpellE">i</span> s. 4^. . <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">i</span></span>
 +
seer per rupee = (about) <span> </span>3 Ib. for 2s. ;
 +
2 seers per rupee = (about) 6 Ib. for <span class="GramE">2S ;</span> and so on. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The name of the unit for square
 +
measurement in India <span class="SpellE">generall</span><span class="GramE">} <span> </span>is</span> the <span class="SpellE">bigha</span>,
 +
which varies greatly m different parts of the country <span> </span>But areas ha\e always been expressed
 +
throughout the Gazetteer either <span> </span>in
 +
square miles or m acres. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">MAP </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">RAJPUIANA to face p. 154 <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">vi <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IMPERIAL GAZETTEER <span> </span>OF INDIA <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">VOLUME XXI <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushkar</span></span><span lang="EN-US">. Town, lake, and place of pilgrimage in Ajmer District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Rajputana</span></span>,
 +
situated in 26 29&#39; N and 74 33&#39; E ; 2,389 feet above <span> </span>sea-level. Population (1901), 3,831, <span class="SpellE">neaily</span> all Hindus, <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span> is <span> </span>said commonly (but erroneously) to be the only
 +
town in India that <span> </span>contains a temple
 +
dedicated to Brahma, who here performed the <span class="SpellE">sacri</span>- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">fice</span> known as <span class="SpellE">yaj</span> net, \\hereby the lake of <span class="SpellE">Pushkar</span>
 +
became so holy that <span> </span>the greatest sinner,
 +
by bathing in it, earns the delights of Paradise. <span> </span>The town contains five principal temples,
 +
dedicated to Brahma, <span class="SpellE">Savitri</span>, <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Badn</span> <span class="SpellE">Narayan</span>, <span class="SpellE">Varha</span>, and Siva <span class="SpellE">Atmateswara</span> ; but they are of modern <span> </span>construction, as the earlier buildings
 +
suffered severely under Aurangzeb, <span> </span>Bathing
 +
<span class="SpellE">ghats</span> line the lake, and many of the princely
 +
families of Raj- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">putana</span>
 +
have houses round the margin, No living thing may be put to <span> </span>death within the limits of the town, A great
 +
fair is held in October <span> </span>and November,
 +
attended by about 100,000 pilgrims, who bathe in the <span> </span>sacred lake. At this time there is a large <span class="SpellE">tiade</span> in horses, camels<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>bullocks</span>, and miscellaneous
 +
merchandise. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pushpagiri</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">Village and
 +
hill on the Madras-Mysore <span class="SpellE">boidei</span>.</span> <span class="GramE">See </span><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">SUBRAHMANYA, <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Subdivision. Subdivision of South <span class="SpellE">Kanaia</span> <span class="SpellE">Distuct</span><span class="GramE">, <span> </span>Madras</span>, consisting of the UPPINANGADI
 +
and KASARAGOD <span class="SpellE">taluks</span> <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">T&#38;hsll.ZamtJidan</span> <span class="SpellE">tahsll</span>
 +
in North <span class="SpellE">Arcot</span> District, Madras, <span> </span>consisting of the northern half of the
 +
KARVETNAGAR <span class="SpellE">samindan</span>. Area, <span> </span>542 square miles ; population m 1901, 170,235,
 +
compared with 155,546 <span> </span>in 1891 It
 +
contains 340 villages, the head-quarters being PUTTUR. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Puttur</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US"> Village.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Head-quarters of the <span class="SpellE">Uppmangadi</span> <span class="GramE">subdivision <span> </span>and</span> <span class="SpellE">taluk</span> of
 +
South <span class="SpellE">Kanara</span> <span class="SpellE">Distnct</span>,
 +
Madras, situated in 12 46&#39; N. <span> </span><span class="GramE">and</span> 75 12&#39; E Population (1901), 3,999 The surrounding
 +
country <span> </span>belonged to <span class="SpellE">Coorg</span>,
 +
and after the <span class="SpellE">Coorg</span> rebellion of 1837 troops were <span> </span>stationed here till 1860. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pyapalli</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Town in the <span class="SpellE">Pattikonda</span>
 +
<span class="SpellE">taluk</span> of Kurnool District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>Madras</span>, situated in 15 14&#39; N, and 77
 +
44&#39; E,, at the foot of a granite <span> </span>hill,
 +
on the trunk road from Bangalore and <span class="SpellE">Gooty</span> to
 +
Hyderabad, <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2 PYAPALLI <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">This is the highest town in the
 +
District, being about 1,750 feet above <span> </span>sea-level,
 +
and is probably the healthiest station. Population (1901)<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>3,666</span>. It is the head-<span class="SpellE">quai</span> <span class="SpellE">ters</span> of a deputy-<span class="SpellE">tato</span>/^?-. There is a <span class="GramE">good <span> </span><span class="SpellE">travellers&#39;</span></span>
 +
bungalow situated in a fine tope planted by <span class="SpellE">Mr</span>,
 +
Robertson, <span> </span>a former Collector. The
 +
representatives of the ancient <span class="SpellE">pohgars</span> <span class="GramE">who <span> </span>built</span> the town
 +
and fort still reside here, and draw pensions from <span> </span>Government. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">Pyapon</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">District.</span>
 +
A sea-board delta District in the <span class="GramE">Irrawaddy <span> </span>Division</span> of Lower Burma, lying along
 +
the Gulf of Martaban, between <span> </span>15 40&#39; and
 +
16 41&#39; N. and 95 6&#39; and 96 6&#39; E., with an area of 2,137 <span> </span>square miles. In shape it is a truncated
 +
triangle, the sides being <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>Irrawaddy</span> on the west and the To or
 +
China <span class="SpellE">Bakir</span> river on the east, <span> </span>while the base is formed by the sea-coast,
 +
which has a general south- <span> </span>west to
 +
north-east direction. It is bounded on the east by <span class="SpellE">Hantha</span><span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span></span>
 +
District , on the west b&#62; <span class="SpellE">Myaungmya</span> ; and on the
 +
north by <span> </span>Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span>.
 +
The entire area consists of a vast plain, intersected by <span class="GramE">tidal
 +
<span> </span>creeks</span> and waterways. With the
 +
exception of some <span> </span>aspects very sma11
 +
areas caue(i kondans, the whole of this <span> </span>level
 +
is subject to inundation at high spring-tides, <span> </span>and a good deal is submerged throughout the
 +
monsoon period The <span> </span><span class="SpellE">kondans</span>
 +
are narrow strips of land, about 4 to 10 feet above the level of <span> </span>the plain, on which the soil is dry and sandy.
 +
They are supposed to <span class="GramE"><span> </span>be</span>
 +
the remnants of old sea-beaches. The rivers are all tidal, and <span class="GramE">form <span> </span>the</span> southeastern
 +
portion of the <span class="SpellE">netv</span>\<span class="SpellE">ork</span> of
 +
waters by which the <span class="SpellE">Irra</span>- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span> finds its way
 +
into the Gulf of Martaban. That river, <span class="GramE">running <span> </span><span class="SpellE">bouthwaids</span></span> to
 +
the sea, bounds the District on the west, except in one <span> </span>place where <span class="SpellE">Myaungmya</span>
 +
District extends east of the stream. It <span class="GramE">is <span> </span><span class="SpellE">naugable</span></span> by
 +
river craft at all seasons of the year. The <span class="SpellE">To</span> river
 +
(or <span> </span>China <span class="SpellE">Bakir</span>)
 +
takes off from the Irrawaddy in Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span> District, and
 +
<span> </span>runs in a south-easterly direction,
 +
separating <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> from <span class="SpellE">Hantha</span>-
 +
<span> </span><span class="SpellE">waddy</span>. Four
 +
miles below <span class="SpellE">Dedaye</span> it spreads into a secondary delta,
 +
<span class="GramE">its <span> </span>two</span> western
 +
branches being called the <span class="SpellE">Donyan</span> and <span class="SpellE">Thandi</span> <span class="SpellE">nveis</span>, both <span> </span>wide but of little importance. Into the To
 +
river itself (the eastern <span> </span>branch), at
 +
the extreme south-east <span class="SpellE">cornei</span> of the District, flows
 +
the <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Thakutpm</span>
 +
or <span class="SpellE">Bassein</span> creek, a tidal waterway which gives river
 +
com- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">munication</span>
 +
with Rangoon. In Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span> District, about 20 miles <span class="GramE">below <span> </span>the</span> point where
 +
the <span class="SpellE">To</span> river leaves the Irrawaddy, the <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> river <span> </span>branches
 +
off from the To, and flows in a southerly direction, past <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> and <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span>, into the sea. In the latter part of its <span class="GramE">course <span> </span>it</span> is called
 +
the <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> <span class="SpellE">nvei</span>. A few
 +
miles below <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> the <span class="SpellE">Gon</span>-
 +
<span> </span><span class="SpellE">nymdan</span> stream
 +
takes off from the <span class="SpellE">Kyaiklat</span> river, and flows first
 +
south- <span> </span>west as far as <span class="SpellE">Bogale</span>, where it is connected by various creeks with the <span> </span>Irrawaddy, and thence almost due south into
 +
the sea at <span class="SpellE">Pyindaye</span>, <span> </span>under the name of the <span class="SpellE">Dala</span>
 +
river, Its lower reaches are <span class="SpellE">sepaiated</span> <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PYAPON DISTRICT 3 <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">from</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> those of the Irrawaddy by two large islands which <span class="SpellE">aie</span>
 +
covered <span> </span>with fuel <span class="SpellE">reseives</span>.
 +
Besides these more important channels, the <span class="GramE">District <span> </span>possesses</span> countless tidal creeks the <span class="SpellE">Uyin</span>, <span class="SpellE">Podok</span>, <span class="SpellE">Wayakaing</span>,
 +
and <span> </span>others which convert it into a maze
 +
of muddy channels <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The geological and botanical
 +
features of <span class="SpellE">Pyapon</span> are the same as <span class="GramE">are
 +
<span> </span>noticed</span> under HANTHAWADDY
 +
DISTRICT. The soil is mainly <span class="GramE">alluvium <span> </span>and</span> the jungle vegetation is largely
 +
swamp, <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The tiger and the elephant <span class="SpellE">aie</span> practically confined to the <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">uncleared</span></span><span class="GramE"> <span> </span>areas</span> in the south, where <span class="SpellE">theie</span> <span class="SpellE">aie</span> also herds of wild
 +
buffalo, wild hog, <span> </span>and hog deer.
 +
Crocodiles are not uncommon in the creeks, and <span class="GramE">turtles <span> </span>abound</span> at certain seasons of the year
 +
on the sandbanks along the <span> </span>southern
 +
coast. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The climate, though damp and
 +
depressing, is healthy, and <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>proximity</span> of the sea renders the
 +
temperature equable. The <span class="GramE">average <span> </span>minimum</span> temperature throughout the year
 +
is about 65, the average <span> </span>maximum 95, and
 +
the average mean about 80. One of the results <span class="GramE">of <span> </span>the</span> proximity of the Gulf of <span class="SpellE">Maitaban</span> is that the winds <span class="SpellE">aie</span>
 +
decidedly <span> </span>stronger than farther inland.
 +
The country enjoys a regular <span class="GramE">and <span> </span>copious</span> rainfall, rather in excess of
 +
the mean for the delta. <span class="GramE">The <span> </span>annual</span> average is about 95 inches, <span class="SpellE">deci</span> easing towards the north in the <span> </span>areas farthest removed from the coast. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The District as at present
 +
constituted is of modern creation, having <span> </span>been taken in 1903 from Thong <span class="SpellE">wa</span> (now Ma-<span class="SpellE">ubin</span>) District, which
 +
itself <span> </span>only dates back to 1875 Until
 +
recent times the <span> </span>country was a stretch
 +
of <span class="SpellE">unreclaimed</span> jungle, the only <span> </span>indications of an <span class="SpellE">eailier</span>
 +
civilization being in the south-west. <span class="GramE">The <span> </span>village</span> of <span class="SpellE">Eya</span>,
 +
from which the Irrawaddy takes its name, is now an <span> </span>insignificant hamlet, though it must have been
 +
a place of no little <span> </span>repute in bygone
 +
days. Of historical remains there are <span class="GramE">practically <span> </span>none</span>. The most ancient and <span class="SpellE">reveied</span> pagoda is that known as <span class="GramE">the <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Tawkyat</span></span> at <span class="SpellE">Dedaye</span>, and even this is supposed to be not more than <span> </span>a <span class="SpellE">hunared</span> years old <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Owing to various minor
 +
alterations in the township boundaries, <span> </span>exact
 +
figures for the population of the area now composing the District <span> </span>are not obtainable <span class="SpellE">foi</span>
 +
past years In 1881 the whole <span> </span>District
 +
formed little more than a single township of PU <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Thongwa</span>, with a
 +
population of about 97,000. In 1891 this total <span class="GramE">had <span> </span>increased</span> to about 139,000, and in 1901
 +
to 226,443, a rate of growth <span> </span>exceptional
 +
even for Burma. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The distribution according to the
 +
Census of 1901 is shown in <span class="GramE">the <span> </span>table</span> on the next page. <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The only towns are PYAPON, the
 +
head-quarters of the District<span class="GramE">, <span> </span>KYAIKLAT</span>, and DEDAYE The increase in
 +
the northern part has been <span> </span>normal , but
 +
in the two southern townships the <span class="SpellE">giowth</span> of
 +
population <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">PYAPON DISTRICT <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span lang="EN-US">has</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> been extraordinarily rapid, reaching 350 per cent, in the sea-board <span> </span>township of <span class="SpellE">Bogale</span>.
 +
Its rapidity is due to immigration into the low<span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">lying</span></span> waste
 +
areas, where fresh land is constantly being brought under <span> </span>the plough. The influx has been mainly from <span class="SpellE">Hanthawaddy</span> <span class="GramE">and <span> </span><span class="SpellE">Henzada</span></span> in <span class="SpellE">Lowei</span> Bui ma, and from <span class="SpellE">Minbu</span>, <span class="SpellE">Myingyan</span>, and Mandalay <span> </span>in Upper Burma 3 but Indian immigrants are
 +
also numerous. <span class="GramE">Though <span> </span>the</span>
 +
inland portions are densely populated, the southern tracts washed <span> </span>by the sea have comparatively few inhabitants,
 +
large areas in fact being <span> </span>absolutely
 +
uninhabited. Burmese is spoken by 200,000 of the <span class="SpellE">inhabi</span><span class="GramE">- <span> </span><span class="SpellE">tants</span></span>,
 +
and Karen by 15,000 <span> </span>&#60;o:p&#62;&#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&#60;o:p&#62; &#60;/o:p&#62;</span></p>
 +
 +
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<p><font size="4">
 +
</font></p>
 +
<table bgcolor="66ccff" border="4" cellspacing="2" height="750" width="790">
 +
 +
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
 +
<td> Township </td>
 +
<td> Area in Sq. Mile </td>
 +
<td> Number of Towns </td>
 +
<td> Number of Villages </td>
 +
<td> Population in 901 </td>
 +
<td> Population per square mile </td>
 +
<td> Persentage of variation in population between 1891 and 1901 </td>
 +
<td> Number of Persons able to read and write </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
 +
<td> &#34;Pyapon <br/>
 +
<p>Bogale <br/>
 +
Kjaiklat <br/>
 +
Dedaye &#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;431 <br/>
 +
<p>1,057 <br/>
 +
277 <br/></p>
 +
<pre>
 +
372&#34;
 +
</pre></td>
 +
<td> &#34;I <br/>
 +
<p><br/>
 +
I <br/>
 +
I
 +
&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;157 <br/>
 +
<p>272 <br/>
 +
394 <br/>
 +
312&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;43,922 <br/>
 +
<p>43,756 <br/>
 +
71,770 <br/>
 +
66,995&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;102 <br/>
 +
<p>41 <br/>
 +
259 <br/>
 +
180&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;+80 <br/>
 +
<p>+350<br/>
 +
+51 <br/>
 +
+18&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;16,598 <br/>
 +
<p>25,680 <br/>
 +
20,100 <br/>
 +
19,552&#34; </p></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
 +
<td> District Total </td>
 +
<td> 2,137 </td>
 +
<td> 3 </td>
 +
<td> 1,135 </td>
 +
<td> 2,26,443 </td>
 +
<td> 106 </td>
 +
<td> +63 </td>
  
  
Line 1,015: Line 1,705:
 
<td> 106 </td>
 
<td> 106 </td>
 
<td> +63 </td>
 
<td> +63 </td>
 +
<td> 81,930 </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
 +
</table>           
 +
<p> </p>
 +
<table border="4" cellspacing="2">
 +
 +
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
 +
<td> Township </td>
 +
<td> Area in Sq. Mile </td>
 +
<td> Number of Towns </td>
 +
<td> Number of Villages </td>
 +
<td> Population in 901 </td>
 +
<td> Population per square mile </td>
 +
<td> Persentage of variation in population between 1891 and 1901</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
 +
<td> &#34;Pyapon <br/>
 +
<p>Bogale <br/>
 +
Kjaiklat <br/>
 +
Dedaye &#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;431 <br/>
 +
<p>1,057 <br/>
 +
277 <br/></p>
 +
<pre>
 +
372&#34;
 +
</pre></td>
 +
<td> &#34;I <br/>
 +
<p><br/>
 +
I <br/>
 +
I
 +
&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;157 <br/>
 +
<p>272 <br/>
 +
394 <br/>
 +
312&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;43,922 <br/>
 +
<p>43,756 <br/>
 +
71,770 <br/>
 +
66,995&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;102 <br/>
 +
<p>41 <br/>
 +
259 <br/>
 +
180&#34; </p></td>
 +
<td> &#34;+80 <br/>
 +
<p>+350<br/>
 +
+51 <br/>
 +
+18&#34;
 +
</p></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
 +
<td> District Total </td>
 +
<td> 2,137 </td>
 +
<td> 3 </td>
 +
<td> 1,135 </td>
 +
<td> 2,26,443 </td>
 +
<td> 106 </td>
 +
<td> +63
 +
           
 +
<p> </p>
 +
 +
 +
<p>&#60;/body&#62;</p>
 +
<p>&#60;/html&#62;
 +
</p></td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 
<td> 81,930 </td>
 
<td> 81,930 </td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>

Revision as of 11:52, 25 May 2014

This article has been extracted from

THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.

OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.

Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value.


This article is an extract from

PANJAB CASTES

SIR DENZIL CHARLES JELF IBBETSON, K.C. S.I.

Being a reprint of the chapter on
The Races, Castes and Tribes of
the People in the Report on the
Census of the Panjab published
in 1883 by the late Sir Denzil
Ibbetson, KCSI

Lahore:

Printed by the Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab,

1916.


Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor disagrees
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the names/ dignified photographs/ biographical details of
any of the finalists, related to their lives before, during or
after this contest, to the Facebook page, Indpaedia.com.
All information used will be duly acknowledged.



This article is an extract from

PANJAB CASTES

SIR DENZIL CHARLES JELF IBBETSON, K.C. S.I.

Being a reprint of the chapter on
The Races, Castes and Tribes of
the People in the Report on the
Census of the Panjab published
in 1883 by the late Sir Denzil
Ibbetson, KCSI

Lahore :

Printed by the Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab,

1916 [edition].
Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor disagrees
with the contents of this article.


You can update or correct this page, and/ or send photographs
to the Facebook page, Indpaedia.com. All information used
will be duly acknowledged.

Sources include

Aswn's list of 'Tamil Heroines'



This article has been extracted from
THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908
OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
Things have changed enormously since 1908.
Many places that were in India in 1908 are now in
Pakistan and Bangladesh.


THE LOVES OF KRISHNA
IN INDIAN PAINTING AND POETRY
By
William George ARCHER (1907-79)

The Macmillan Company
1957.

Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor disagrees with the contents of this article. The article has been scanned from a very old book. If you note scanning errors, please correct them or report them to Indpaedia's Facebook page.


This article is an extract from

OMENS AND SUPERSTITIONS OF SOUTHERN INDIA
By
Edgar Thurston, C.I.E.

Sometime superintendent of the Madras Government Museum
and of the Ethnographic Survey of the Madras Presidency

T. Fisher Unwin
London: Adelphi Terrace
Leipsic: Inselstrasse 20

1912

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The article has been scanned from a very old book. If you note scanning errors, please correct them or report them to Indpaedia's Facebook page.



This article is an extract from

THE POPULAR RELIGION AND FOLK-LORE OF NORTHERN INDIA
BY
W. CROOKE, B.A.
BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE

WESTMINSTER
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO.
2, Whitehall Gardens, S.W.
1896

Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor
disagrees with the contents of this colonial article.




This article is an extract from

Chronicle of Fernao Nuniz

A Portuguese merchant or traveller at Vijayanagar

Written, Probably, A.D. 1535 — 37

Published in translation by Mr. Donald Ferguson in
INDIAN ANTIQUARY, around 1920

Indpaedia is an archive. It neither agrees nor
disagrees with the contents of this article.


This article is an excerpt from

HINDU GODS AND HEROES

STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF
THE RELIGION OF INDIA

BY

LIONEL D. BARNETT, M.A., Litt

The Wisdom of the East Series
Edited by
L. CRANMER-BYNG
Dr. S. A. KAPADIA
1922

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disagrees with the contents of this article.


This article is an excerpt from
Castes and Tribes of Southern India
By Edgar Thurston, C.I.E.,
Superintendent, Madras Government Museum; Correspondant
Étranger, Société d’Anthropologie de Paris; Socio
Corrispondante, Societa,Romana di Anthropologia
Assisted by K. Rangachari, M.A.,
of the Madras Government Museum.

Government Press, Madras
1909.



This article is an excerpt from
A HISTORY OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
By SURENDRANATH DASGUPTA
First Edition: Cambridge, 1922.


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This article has been extracted from  THE<span />

 IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.<o:p></o:p>

Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts.Many units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. <a href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee015643mbp" rel="nofollow">The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol XXI</a>"  THE  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

IMPERIAL GAZETTEER  OF INDIA  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

VOL. XXI  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PUSHKAR TO SALWEEN  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

NEW EDITION  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S  _S*RE.TARY OP STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

OXFORD  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS  1908  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OP OXFORD  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

LONDON, EDINBURGH  NEW YORK AND TORONTO  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

INTRODUCTORY NOTES  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Vowel-Sounds  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

a has the sound of a in ' woman/  a has the sound of a in ' father '  e has the vowel-sound in c grey.'  i has the sound of i m ' pin '  I has the sound of / in ' police.'  o has the sound of o in ' bone,'  u has the sound of n in * bull.'  u has the sound of u in ' flute,'  ai has the vowel-sound in ' mine.'  au has the vowel-sound m ' house/  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

It should be stated that no attempt has been made to distinguish  between the long and short sounds of e and o in the Dravidian  languages, which possess the vowel-sounds in ' bet ' and ' hot ' in  addition to those giveti^bove Nor has it been thought necessary  to mark vowels as long m cases where mistakes in pronunciation  were not likely to be made,  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Consonants  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Most Indian languages have different Forms for a number of con-  sonants, such as d) t, r>&c., marked m scientific works by the use  of dots or italics. As the European ear distinguishes these with  difficulty in oidinary pronunciation, it has been considered undesir-  able to embarrass the reader with them ; and only two notes are  required. In the first place, the Arabic k, a strong guttural, has  been represented by k instead of ^, which is often used. Secondly,  it should be remarked that aspirated consonants are common ; and,  m particular, dh and th (except in Burma) never have the sound of  th in 'this' or 'thin,' but should be pronounced as ia ' woodhouse'  and 'boathook 5  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

A 2  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

iv INTRODUCTORY NOTES  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Burmese Words  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Burmese and some of the languages on the frontier of China have  the following special sounds :  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

aw has the vowel-sound in ' law.'  o and u are pronounced as in German.  gy is pronounced almost like/ in * jewel '  ky is pronounced almost like ch in ' church. 7  th is pronounced in some cases as in l this,' in some cases as in  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

i thin.'  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

w after a consonant has the force of uw. Thus, ywa and pwe  are disyllables, pronounced as if written yitwa and  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

It should also be noted that, whereas in Indian words the accent  or stress is distributed almost equally on each syllable, in Burmese  there is a tendency to throw special stress on the last syllable  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

General  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The names of some places e.g. Calcutta, Bombay, Lucknow,  Cawnpore have obtained a popular fixity of spelling, while special  forms have been officially prescribed for others Names of persons  are often spelt and pronounced differently in different parts of India ;  but the variations have been made as few as possible by assimilating  forms almost alike, especially where a particular spelling has been  generally adopted in English books  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

NOTES ON MONEY, PRICES, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

As the currency of India is based upon the rupee, all statements  with regard to money throughout the Gazetteer have necessarily been  expressed in rupees, nor has it been found possible to add generally  a conversion into sterling. Down to about 1873 the gold value of  the rupee (containing 165 grains of pure silver) was approximately  equal to zs., or one-tenth of a , and for that period it is easy to  convert rupees into sterling by striking off the final cipher (Rs. 1,000  = 100). But after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver as  compared with gold throughout the world, there came a serious and  progressive fall in the exchange, until at one time the gold value of  the rupee dropped as low as is In order to provide a remedy for  the heavy loss caused to the Government of India in respect of its  gold payments to be made in England, and also to relieve foreign  trade and finance from the inconvenience due to constant and  unforeseen fluctuations in exchange, it was resolved in 1893 to close  the mints to the free coinage of silver, and thus force up the value of  the rupee by restricting the circulation. The intention was to laise  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES v  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

the exchange value of the rupee to is 4^, and then introduce a gold  standard (though not necessanly a gold cuirency) at the rate of Rs. 15  = i. This policy has been completely successful. From 1899 on-  wards the value of the rupee has been maintained, with insignificant  fluctuations, at the proposed late of i,?. 4^. ; and consequently since  that date three rupees have been equivalent to two lupees befoie 1873  For the intermediate period, between 1873 and 1899, it is manifestly  impossible to adopt any fixed sterling value for a constantly changing  rupee. But since 1899, if it is desired to convert rupees into sterling,  not only must the final cipher be stiuck off (as befoie 1873), DI U  also one-third must be subtracted from the result. Thus Rs. 1,000  = 100 -J = (about) 67.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Another matter in connexion with the expression of money state-  ments in terms of rupees requires to be explained. The method of  numerical notation in India differs from that which pievails through-  out Europe. Large numbers are not punctuated in hundieds of thou-  sands and millions, but in lakhs and crores. A lakh is one hunared  thousand (written out as 1,00,000), and a crore is one hunared lakhs  or ten millions (written out as 1,00,00,000), Consequently, accord-  ing to the exchange value of the rupee, a lakh of rupees (Rs 1,00,000)  may be read as the equivalent of 10,000 before 1873, and as the  equivalent of (about) 6,667 after 1899 ; while a crore of rupees  (Rs. 1,00,00,000) may similarly be read as the equivalent of  1,000,000 before 1873, and as the equivalent of (about) 666,667  after 1899.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Finally, it should be mentioned that the rupee is divided into  1 6 annas, a fraction commonly used for many purposes by both  natives and Europeans. The anna was formerly reckoned as i^d. ;  it may now be considered as exactly corresponding to id The  anna is again subdivided into 12 pies.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The various systems of weights used in India combine uniformity  of scale with immense vanations in the weight of units. The scale  used generally throughout Northern India, and less commonly in  Madras and Bombay, may be thus expiessed : one maund = 40 seers ;  one seer = 16 chittaks or 80 tolas. The actual weight of a seer  varies gieatly from District to District, and even from village to  village., but in the standard system the tola is 180 grains Troy  (the exact weight of the rupee), and the seei thus weighs 2-057 lb.,  and the maund 82-28 lb. This standaid is used in official leports  and throughout the Gazetteer.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

For calculating retail prices, the universal custom in India is to  express them in tenns of seers to the rupee. Thus, when prices  change, what varies is not the amount of money to be paid for the  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

VI  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

vi INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

same quantity, but the quantity to be obtained for the same amount  of money. In other words, prices in India are quantity prices, not  money prices, When the figure of quantity goes up, this of course  means that the price has gone down, which is at first sight perplexing  to an English reader. It may, however, be mentioned that quantity  prices are not altogether unknown in England, especially at small  shops, where pennyworths of many groceries can be bought. Eggs,  likewise, are commonly sold at a varying number for the shilling  If it'be desired to convert quantity prices from Indian into English  denominations without having recourse to money piices (which would  often be misleading), the following scale may be adopted based  upon the assumptions that a seer is exactly 2 Ib , and that the value  of the rupee remains constant at i s. 4^. . i seer per rupee = (about)  3 Ib. for 2s. ; 2 seers per rupee = (about) 6 Ib. for 2S ; and so on.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The name of the unit for square measurement in India generall}  is the bigha, which varies greatly m different parts of the country  But areas ha\e always been expressed throughout the Gazetteer either  in square miles or m acres.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

MAP  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

RAJPUIANA to face p. 154  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

vi  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

IMPERIAL GAZETTEER  OF INDIA  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

VOLUME XXI  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Pushkar. Town, lake, and place of pilgrimage in Ajmer District,  Rajputana, situated in 26 29' N and 74 33' E ; 2,389 feet above  sea-level. Population (1901), 3,831, neaily all Hindus, Pushkar is  said commonly (but erroneously) to be the only town in India that  contains a temple dedicated to Brahma, who here performed the sacri-  fice known as yaj net, \\hereby the lake of Pushkar became so holy that  the greatest sinner, by bathing in it, earns the delights of Paradise.  The town contains five principal temples, dedicated to Brahma, Savitri,  Badn Narayan, Varha, and Siva Atmateswara ; but they are of modern  construction, as the earlier buildings suffered severely under Aurangzeb,  Bathing ghats line the lake, and many of the princely families of Raj-  putana have houses round the margin, No living thing may be put to  death within the limits of the town, A great fair is held in October  and November, attended by about 100,000 pilgrims, who bathe in the  sacred lake. At this time there is a large tiade in horses, camels,  bullocks, and miscellaneous merchandise.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Pushpagiri. Village and hill on the Madras-Mysore boidei. See  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

SUBRAHMANYA,  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Puttur Subdivision. Subdivision of South Kanaia Distuct,  Madras, consisting of the UPPINANGADI and KASARAGOD taluks  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Puttur T&hsll.ZamtJidan tahsll in North Arcot District, Madras,  consisting of the northern half of the KARVETNAGAR samindan. Area,  542 square miles ; population m 1901, 170,235, compared with 155,546  in 1891 It contains 340 villages, the head-quarters being PUTTUR.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Puttur Village. Head-quarters of the Uppmangadi subdivision  and taluk of South Kanara Distnct, Madras, situated in 12 46' N.  and 75 12' E Population (1901), 3,999 The surrounding country  belonged to Coorg, and after the Coorg rebellion of 1837 troops were  stationed here till 1860.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Pyapalli. Town in the Pattikonda taluk of Kurnool District,  Madras, situated in 15 14' N, and 77 44' E,, at the foot of a granite  hill, on the trunk road from Bangalore and Gooty to Hyderabad,  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

2 PYAPALLI  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

This is the highest town in the District, being about 1,750 feet above  sea-level, and is probably the healthiest station. Population (1901),  3,666. It is the head-quai ters of a deputy-tato/^?-. There is a good  travellers' bungalow situated in a fine tope planted by Mr, Robertson,  a former Collector. The representatives of the ancient pohgars who  built the town and fort still reside here, and draw pensions from  Government.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Pyapon. District. A sea-board delta District in the Irrawaddy  Division of Lower Burma, lying along the Gulf of Martaban, between  15 40' and 16 41' N. and 95 6' and 96 6' E., with an area of 2,137  square miles. In shape it is a truncated triangle, the sides being the  Irrawaddy on the west and the To or China Bakir river on the east,  while the base is formed by the sea-coast, which has a general south-  west to north-east direction. It is bounded on the east by Hantha-  waddy District , on the west b> Myaungmya ; and on the north by  Ma-ubin. The entire area consists of a vast plain, intersected by tidal  creeks and waterways. With the exception of some  aspects very sma11 areas caue(i kondans, the whole of this  level is subject to inundation at high spring-tides,  and a good deal is submerged throughout the monsoon period The  kondans are narrow strips of land, about 4 to 10 feet above the level of  the plain, on which the soil is dry and sandy. They are supposed to  be the remnants of old sea-beaches. The rivers are all tidal, and form  the southeastern portion of the netv\ork of waters by which the Irra-  waddy finds its way into the Gulf of Martaban. That river, running  bouthwaids to the sea, bounds the District on the west, except in one  place where Myaungmya District extends east of the stream. It is  naugable by river craft at all seasons of the year. The To river (or  China Bakir) takes off from the Irrawaddy in Ma-ubin District, and  runs in a south-easterly direction, separating Pyapon from Hantha-  waddy. Four miles below Dedaye it spreads into a secondary delta, its  two western branches being called the Donyan and Thandi nveis, both  wide but of little importance. Into the To river itself (the eastern  branch), at the extreme south-east cornei of the District, flows the  Thakutpm or Bassein creek, a tidal waterway which gives river com-  munication with Rangoon. In Ma-ubin District, about 20 miles below  the point where the To river leaves the Irrawaddy, the Kyaiklat river  branches off from the To, and flows in a southerly direction, past  Kyaiklat and Pyapon, into the sea. In the latter part of its course  it is called the Pyapon nvei. A few miles below Kyaiklat the Gon-  nymdan stream takes off from the Kyaiklat river, and flows first south-  west as far as Bogale, where it is connected by various creeks with the  Irrawaddy, and thence almost due south into the sea at Pyindaye,  under the name of the Dala river, Its lower reaches are sepaiated  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PYAPON DISTRICT 3  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

from those of the Irrawaddy by two large islands which aie covered  with fuel reseives. Besides these more important channels, the District  possesses countless tidal creeks the Uyin, Podok, Wayakaing, and  others which convert it into a maze of muddy channels  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The geological and botanical features of Pyapon are the same as are  noticed under HANTHAWADDY DISTRICT. The soil is mainly alluvium  and the jungle vegetation is largely swamp,  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The tiger and the elephant aie practically confined to the uncleared  areas in the south, where theie aie also herds of wild buffalo, wild hog,  and hog deer. Crocodiles are not uncommon in the creeks, and turtles  abound at certain seasons of the year on the sandbanks along the  southern coast.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The climate, though damp and depressing, is healthy, and the  proximity of the sea renders the temperature equable. The average  minimum temperature throughout the year is about 65, the average  maximum 95, and the average mean about 80. One of the results of  the proximity of the Gulf of Maitaban is that the winds aie decidedly  stronger than farther inland. The country enjoys a regular and  copious rainfall, rather in excess of the mean for the delta. The  annual average is about 95 inches, deci easing towards the north in the  areas farthest removed from the coast.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The District as at present constituted is of modern creation, having  been taken in 1903 from Thong wa (now Ma-ubin) District, which itself  only dates back to 1875 Until recent times the  country was a stretch of unreclaimed jungle, the only  indications of an eailier civilization being in the south-west. The  village of Eya, from which the Irrawaddy takes its name, is now an  insignificant hamlet, though it must have been a place of no little  repute in bygone days. Of historical remains there are practically  none. The most ancient and reveied pagoda is that known as the  Tawkyat at Dedaye, and even this is supposed to be not more than  a hunared years old  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Owing to various minor alterations in the township boundaries,  exact figures for the population of the area now composing the District  are not obtainable foi past years In 1881 the whole  District formed little more than a single township of PU  Thongwa, with a population of about 97,000. In 1891 this total had  increased to about 139,000, and in 1901 to 226,443, a rate of growth  exceptional even for Burma.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The distribution according to the Census of 1901 is shown in the  table on the next page.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The only towns are PYAPON, the head-quarters of the District,  KYAIKLAT, and DEDAYE The increase in the northern part has been  normal , but in the two southern townships the giowth of population  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PYAPON DISTRICT  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

has been extraordinarily rapid, reaching 350 per cent, in the sea-board  township of Bogale. Its rapidity is due to immigration into the low-  lying waste areas, where fresh land is constantly being brought under  the plough. The influx has been mainly from Hanthawaddy and  Henzada in Lowei Bui ma, and from Minbu, Myingyan, and Mandalay  in Upper Burma 3 but Indian immigrants are also numerous. Though  the inland portions are densely populated, the southern tracts washed  by the sea have comparatively few inhabitants, large areas in fact being  absolutely uninhabited. Burmese is spoken by 200,000 of the inhabi-  tants, and Karen by 15,000  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 


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Township Area in Sq. Mile Number of Towns Number of Villages Population in 901 Population per square mile Persentage of variation in population between 1891 and 1901 Number of Persons able to read and write
"Pyapon

Bogale
Kjaiklat
Dedaye "

"431

1,057
277 

372"
"I


I
I "

"157

272
394
312"

"43,922

43,756
71,770
66,995"

"102

41
259
180"

"+80

+350
+51
+18"

"16,598

25,680
20,100
19,552"

District Total 2,137 3 1,135 2,26,443 106 +63

This article has been extracted from  THE<span />

 IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.<o:p></o:p>

Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts.Many units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. <a href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee015643mbp" rel="nofollow">The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol XXI</a>"  THE  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

IMPERIAL GAZETTEER  OF INDIA  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

VOL. XXI  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PUSHKAR TO SALWEEN  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

NEW EDITION  <o:p></o:p>

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PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S  _S*RE.TARY OP STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

OXFORD  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS  1908  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OP OXFORD  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

LONDON, EDINBURGH  NEW YORK AND TORONTO  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

INTRODUCTORY NOTES  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Vowel-Sounds  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

a has the sound of a in ' woman/  a has the sound of a in ' father '  e has the vowel-sound in c grey.'  i has the sound of i m ' pin '  I has the sound of / in ' police.'  o has the sound of o in ' bone,'  u has the sound of n in * bull.'  u has the sound of u in ' flute,'  ai has the vowel-sound in ' mine.'  au has the vowel-sound m ' house/  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

It should be stated that no attempt has been made to distinguish  between the long and short sounds of e and o in the Dravidian  languages, which possess the vowel-sounds in ' bet ' and ' hot ' in  addition to those giveti^bove Nor has it been thought necessary  to mark vowels as long m cases where mistakes in pronunciation  were not likely to be made,  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Consonants  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Most Indian languages have different Forms for a number of con-  sonants, such as d) t, r>&c., marked m scientific works by the use  of dots or italics. As the European ear distinguishes these with  difficulty in oidinary pronunciation, it has been considered undesir-  able to embarrass the reader with them ; and only two notes are  required. In the first place, the Arabic k, a strong guttural, has  been represented by k instead of ^, which is often used. Secondly,  it should be remarked that aspirated consonants are common ; and,  m particular, dh and th (except in Burma) never have the sound of  th in 'this' or 'thin,' but should be pronounced as ia ' woodhouse'  and 'boathook 5  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

A 2  <o:p></o:p>

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 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

iv INTRODUCTORY NOTES  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Burmese Words  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Burmese and some of the languages on the frontier of China have  the following special sounds :  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

aw has the vowel-sound in ' law.'  o and u are pronounced as in German.  gy is pronounced almost like/ in * jewel '  ky is pronounced almost like ch in ' church. 7  th is pronounced in some cases as in l this,' in some cases as in  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

i thin.'  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

w after a consonant has the force of uw. Thus, ywa and pwe  are disyllables, pronounced as if written yitwa and  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

It should also be noted that, whereas in Indian words the accent  or stress is distributed almost equally on each syllable, in Burmese  there is a tendency to throw special stress on the last syllable  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

General  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The names of some places e.g. Calcutta, Bombay, Lucknow,  Cawnpore have obtained a popular fixity of spelling, while special  forms have been officially prescribed for others Names of persons  are often spelt and pronounced differently in different parts of India ;  but the variations have been made as few as possible by assimilating  forms almost alike, especially where a particular spelling has been  generally adopted in English books  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

NOTES ON MONEY, PRICES, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

As the currency of India is based upon the rupee, all statements  with regard to money throughout the Gazetteer have necessarily been  expressed in rupees, nor has it been found possible to add generally  a conversion into sterling. Down to about 1873 the gold value of  the rupee (containing 165 grains of pure silver) was approximately  equal to zs., or one-tenth of a , and for that period it is easy to  convert rupees into sterling by striking off the final cipher (Rs. 1,000  = 100). But after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver as  compared with gold throughout the world, there came a serious and  progressive fall in the exchange, until at one time the gold value of  the rupee dropped as low as is In order to provide a remedy for  the heavy loss caused to the Government of India in respect of its  gold payments to be made in England, and also to relieve foreign  trade and finance from the inconvenience due to constant and  unforeseen fluctuations in exchange, it was resolved in 1893 to close  the mints to the free coinage of silver, and thus force up the value of  the rupee by restricting the circulation. The intention was to laise  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES v  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

the exchange value of the rupee to is 4^, and then introduce a gold  standard (though not necessanly a gold cuirency) at the rate of Rs. 15  = i. This policy has been completely successful. From 1899 on-  wards the value of the rupee has been maintained, with insignificant  fluctuations, at the proposed late of i,?. 4^. ; and consequently since  that date three rupees have been equivalent to two lupees befoie 1873  For the intermediate period, between 1873 and 1899, it is manifestly  impossible to adopt any fixed sterling value for a constantly changing  rupee. But since 1899, if it is desired to convert rupees into sterling,  not only must the final cipher be stiuck off (as befoie 1873), DI U  also one-third must be subtracted from the result. Thus Rs. 1,000  = 100 -J = (about) 67.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Another matter in connexion with the expression of money state-  ments in terms of rupees requires to be explained. The method of  numerical notation in India differs from that which pievails through-  out Europe. Large numbers are not punctuated in hundieds of thou-  sands and millions, but in lakhs and crores. A lakh is one hunared  thousand (written out as 1,00,000), and a crore is one hunared lakhs  or ten millions (written out as 1,00,00,000), Consequently, accord-  ing to the exchange value of the rupee, a lakh of rupees (Rs 1,00,000)  may be read as the equivalent of 10,000 before 1873, and as the  equivalent of (about) 6,667 after 1899 ; while a crore of rupees  (Rs. 1,00,00,000) may similarly be read as the equivalent of  1,000,000 before 1873, and as the equivalent of (about) 666,667  after 1899.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Finally, it should be mentioned that the rupee is divided into  1 6 annas, a fraction commonly used for many purposes by both  natives and Europeans. The anna was formerly reckoned as i^d. ;  it may now be considered as exactly corresponding to id The  anna is again subdivided into 12 pies.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The various systems of weights used in India combine uniformity  of scale with immense vanations in the weight of units. The scale  used generally throughout Northern India, and less commonly in  Madras and Bombay, may be thus expiessed : one maund = 40 seers ;  one seer = 16 chittaks or 80 tolas. The actual weight of a seer  varies gieatly from District to District, and even from village to  village., but in the standard system the tola is 180 grains Troy  (the exact weight of the rupee), and the seei thus weighs 2-057 lb.,  and the maund 82-28 lb. This standaid is used in official leports  and throughout the Gazetteer.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

For calculating retail prices, the universal custom in India is to  express them in tenns of seers to the rupee. Thus, when prices  change, what varies is not the amount of money to be paid for the  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

VI  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

vi INTR OD UCTOR Y NO TES  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

same quantity, but the quantity to be obtained for the same amount  of money. In other words, prices in India are quantity prices, not  money prices, When the figure of quantity goes up, this of course  means that the price has gone down, which is at first sight perplexing  to an English reader. It may, however, be mentioned that quantity  prices are not altogether unknown in England, especially at small  shops, where pennyworths of many groceries can be bought. Eggs,  likewise, are commonly sold at a varying number for the shilling  If it'be desired to convert quantity prices from Indian into English  denominations without having recourse to money piices (which would  often be misleading), the following scale may be adopted based  upon the assumptions that a seer is exactly 2 Ib , and that the value  of the rupee remains constant at i s. 4^. . i seer per rupee = (about)  3 Ib. for 2s. ; 2 seers per rupee = (about) 6 Ib. for 2S ; and so on.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The name of the unit for square measurement in India generall}  is the bigha, which varies greatly m different parts of the country  But areas ha\e always been expressed throughout the Gazetteer either  in square miles or m acres.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

MAP  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

RAJPUIANA to face p. 154  <o:p></o:p>

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 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

vi  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

IMPERIAL GAZETTEER  OF INDIA  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

VOLUME XXI  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Pushkar. Town, lake, and place of pilgrimage in Ajmer District,  Rajputana, situated in 26 29' N and 74 33' E ; 2,389 feet above  sea-level. Population (1901), 3,831, neaily all Hindus, Pushkar is  said commonly (but erroneously) to be the only town in India that  contains a temple dedicated to Brahma, who here performed the sacri-  fice known as yaj net, \\hereby the lake of Pushkar became so holy that  the greatest sinner, by bathing in it, earns the delights of Paradise.  The town contains five principal temples, dedicated to Brahma, Savitri,  Badn Narayan, Varha, and Siva Atmateswara ; but they are of modern  construction, as the earlier buildings suffered severely under Aurangzeb,  Bathing ghats line the lake, and many of the princely families of Raj-  putana have houses round the margin, No living thing may be put to  death within the limits of the town, A great fair is held in October  and November, attended by about 100,000 pilgrims, who bathe in the  sacred lake. At this time there is a large tiade in horses, camels,  bullocks, and miscellaneous merchandise.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Pushpagiri. Village and hill on the Madras-Mysore boidei. See  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

SUBRAHMANYA,  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Puttur Subdivision. Subdivision of South Kanaia Distuct,  Madras, consisting of the UPPINANGADI and KASARAGOD taluks  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Puttur T&hsll.ZamtJidan tahsll in North Arcot District, Madras,  consisting of the northern half of the KARVETNAGAR samindan. Area,  542 square miles ; population m 1901, 170,235, compared with 155,546  in 1891 It contains 340 villages, the head-quarters being PUTTUR.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Puttur Village. Head-quarters of the Uppmangadi subdivision  and taluk of South Kanara Distnct, Madras, situated in 12 46' N.  and 75 12' E Population (1901), 3,999 The surrounding country  belonged to Coorg, and after the Coorg rebellion of 1837 troops were  stationed here till 1860.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Pyapalli. Town in the Pattikonda taluk of Kurnool District,  Madras, situated in 15 14' N, and 77 44' E,, at the foot of a granite  hill, on the trunk road from Bangalore and Gooty to Hyderabad,  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

2 PYAPALLI  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

This is the highest town in the District, being about 1,750 feet above  sea-level, and is probably the healthiest station. Population (1901),  3,666. It is the head-quai ters of a deputy-tato/^?-. There is a good  travellers' bungalow situated in a fine tope planted by Mr, Robertson,  a former Collector. The representatives of the ancient pohgars who  built the town and fort still reside here, and draw pensions from  Government.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Pyapon. District. A sea-board delta District in the Irrawaddy  Division of Lower Burma, lying along the Gulf of Martaban, between  15 40' and 16 41' N. and 95 6' and 96 6' E., with an area of 2,137  square miles. In shape it is a truncated triangle, the sides being the  Irrawaddy on the west and the To or China Bakir river on the east,  while the base is formed by the sea-coast, which has a general south-  west to north-east direction. It is bounded on the east by Hantha-  waddy District , on the west b> Myaungmya ; and on the north by  Ma-ubin. The entire area consists of a vast plain, intersected by tidal  creeks and waterways. With the exception of some  aspects very sma11 areas caue(i kondans, the whole of this  level is subject to inundation at high spring-tides,  and a good deal is submerged throughout the monsoon period The  kondans are narrow strips of land, about 4 to 10 feet above the level of  the plain, on which the soil is dry and sandy. They are supposed to  be the remnants of old sea-beaches. The rivers are all tidal, and form  the southeastern portion of the netv\ork of waters by which the Irra-  waddy finds its way into the Gulf of Martaban. That river, running  bouthwaids to the sea, bounds the District on the west, except in one  place where Myaungmya District extends east of the stream. It is  naugable by river craft at all seasons of the year. The To river (or  China Bakir) takes off from the Irrawaddy in Ma-ubin District, and  runs in a south-easterly direction, separating Pyapon from Hantha-  waddy. Four miles below Dedaye it spreads into a secondary delta, its  two western branches being called the Donyan and Thandi nveis, both  wide but of little importance. Into the To river itself (the eastern  branch), at the extreme south-east cornei of the District, flows the  Thakutpm or Bassein creek, a tidal waterway which gives river com-  munication with Rangoon. In Ma-ubin District, about 20 miles below  the point where the To river leaves the Irrawaddy, the Kyaiklat river  branches off from the To, and flows in a southerly direction, past  Kyaiklat and Pyapon, into the sea. In the latter part of its course  it is called the Pyapon nvei. A few miles below Kyaiklat the Gon-  nymdan stream takes off from the Kyaiklat river, and flows first south-  west as far as Bogale, where it is connected by various creeks with the  Irrawaddy, and thence almost due south into the sea at Pyindaye,  under the name of the Dala river, Its lower reaches are sepaiated  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PYAPON DISTRICT 3  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

from those of the Irrawaddy by two large islands which aie covered  with fuel reseives. Besides these more important channels, the District  possesses countless tidal creeks the Uyin, Podok, Wayakaing, and  others which convert it into a maze of muddy channels  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The geological and botanical features of Pyapon are the same as are  noticed under HANTHAWADDY DISTRICT. The soil is mainly alluvium  and the jungle vegetation is largely swamp,  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The tiger and the elephant aie practically confined to the uncleared  areas in the south, where theie aie also herds of wild buffalo, wild hog,  and hog deer. Crocodiles are not uncommon in the creeks, and turtles  abound at certain seasons of the year on the sandbanks along the  southern coast.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The climate, though damp and depressing, is healthy, and the  proximity of the sea renders the temperature equable. The average  minimum temperature throughout the year is about 65, the average  maximum 95, and the average mean about 80. One of the results of  the proximity of the Gulf of Maitaban is that the winds aie decidedly  stronger than farther inland. The country enjoys a regular and  copious rainfall, rather in excess of the mean for the delta. The  annual average is about 95 inches, deci easing towards the north in the  areas farthest removed from the coast.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The District as at present constituted is of modern creation, having  been taken in 1903 from Thong wa (now Ma-ubin) District, which itself  only dates back to 1875 Until recent times the  country was a stretch of unreclaimed jungle, the only  indications of an eailier civilization being in the south-west. The  village of Eya, from which the Irrawaddy takes its name, is now an  insignificant hamlet, though it must have been a place of no little  repute in bygone days. Of historical remains there are practically  none. The most ancient and reveied pagoda is that known as the  Tawkyat at Dedaye, and even this is supposed to be not more than  a hunared years old  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Owing to various minor alterations in the township boundaries,  exact figures for the population of the area now composing the District  are not obtainable foi past years In 1881 the whole  District formed little more than a single township of PU  Thongwa, with a population of about 97,000. In 1891 this total had  increased to about 139,000, and in 1901 to 226,443, a rate of growth  exceptional even for Burma.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The distribution according to the Census of 1901 is shown in the  table on the next page.  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

The only towns are PYAPON, the head-quarters of the District,  KYAIKLAT, and DEDAYE The increase in the northern part has been  normal , but in the two southern townships the giowth of population  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

PYAPON DISTRICT  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

has been extraordinarily rapid, reaching 350 per cent, in the sea-board  township of Bogale. Its rapidity is due to immigration into the low-  lying waste areas, where fresh land is constantly being brought under  the plough. The influx has been mainly from Hanthawaddy and  Henzada in Lowei Bui ma, and from Minbu, Myingyan, and Mandalay  in Upper Burma 3 but Indian immigrants are also numerous. Though  the inland portions are densely populated, the southern tracts washed  by the sea have comparatively few inhabitants, large areas in fact being  absolutely uninhabited. Burmese is spoken by 200,000 of the inhabi-  tants, and Karen by 15,000  <o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

 

Township Area in Sq. Mile Number of Towns Number of Villages Population in 901 Population per square mile Persentage of variation in population between 1891 and 1901 Number of Persons able to read and write
"Pyapon

Bogale
Kjaiklat
Dedaye "

"431

1,057
277 

372"
"I


I
I "

"157

272
394
312"

"43,922

43,756
71,770
66,995"

"102

41
259
180"

"+80

+350
+51
+18"

"16,598

25,680
20,100
19,552"

District Total 2,137 3 1,135 2,26,443 106 +63 81,930

Township Area in Sq. Mile Number of Towns Number of Villages Population in 901 Population per square mile Persentage of variation in population between 1891 and 1901
"Pyapon

Bogale
Kjaiklat
Dedaye "

"431

1,057
277 

372"
"I


I
I "

"157

272
394
312"

"43,922

43,756
71,770
66,995"

"102

41
259
180"

"+80

+350
+51
+18"

District Total 2,137 3 1,135 2,26,443 106 +63


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81,930

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