Kumbh Mela (general)
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A backgrounder: Its mythology, history, astrology, appeal
Yashee, Jan 21, 2025: The Indian Express
The mythological origins of the Kumbh Mela
The Sanskrit word kumbh means pitcher, or pot. The story goes that when Devas (gods) and Asuras (loosely translated as demons) churned the ocean, Dhanvantri emerged carrying a pitcher of amrita, or the elixir of immortality. To make sure the Asuras don’t get it, Indra’s son, Jayant, ran off with the pot. The Sun, his son Shani, Brihaspati (the planet Jupiter), and the Moon went along to protect him and the pot.
As Jayant ran, the amrita spilt at four spots: Haridwar, Prayagraj, Ujjain, and Nashik-Trimbakeshwar. He ran for 12 days, and as one day of the Devas is equal to one year of humans, Kumbh Mela is celebrated at these locations every 12 years, based on the relative positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Jupiter.
Prayagraj and Haridwar also hold the Ardh-Kumbh (ardh means half), every six years. The festival held after 12 years is called the Poorna Kumbh, or the Maha Kumbh.
All four places are located on the banks of rivers — Haridwar has the Ganga, Prayagraj is the sangam or meeting point of Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati, Ujjain has the Kshipra, and Nashik-Trimbakeshwar the Godavari.
It is believed that taking a dip in these rivers during Kumbh, amid the specific alignment of the heavenly bodies, washes away one’s sins and accrues punya (spiritual merit).
Kumbh Melas are also the venue where Sadhus and other holy men gather — the sadhu akhadaas attracting a lot of curiosity — and regular people can meet them and learn from them.
“While the importance of the Ganga in Hindu religion is well-known, the Kshipra is believed to have emerged from the heart of Vishnu in his Varah (boar) avatar. The Godavari is often called the Ganga of Dakshin (south),” Dr Dipakbhai Jyotishacharya, who runs the Parashar Jyotishalaya in Gujarat’s Vapi, told The Indian Express.
How is the site of a Kumbh Mela decided?
This depends on astrological calculations. Another reason for the 12-year gap in Kumbh Melas is explained by the fact that Jupiter takes 12 years to complete on revolution around the Sun.
According to the Kumbh Mela website, when Jupiter is in Aquarius or Kumbh rashi (whose symbol is the water bearer), and Sun and Moon in Aries and Sagittarius respectively, Kumbh is held at Haridwar.
When the Jupiter is in Taurus, and the Sun and Moon are in Capricorn or Makar (thus, Makar Sankranti is also in this period) the Kumbh is held at Prayag.
When Jupiter is in Leo or Simha, and the Sun and Moon in Cancer, the Kumbh is held at Nashik and Trimbakeshwar, which is why they are also called the Simhastha Kumbh.
Debate over Kumbh Mela’s history
Many cite the Skanda Purana as proof of the Kumbh Mela’s antiquity. Yet others mention the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) describing a fair in Prayag in the seventh century.
Professor Girija Shankar Shastri, head of Banaras Hindu University’s (BHU) Department of Jyotish, said, “No scripture can be definitively said to contain a reference to the Kumbh Mela as we know it today. While the Samudra Manthan is described in many books, the spilling of amrita at four places is not. The Skanda Purana is widely cited to explain the origins of the Kumbh Mela, but those references have not survived in the extant versions of the Purana.”
Dipakbhai Jyotishacharya pointed out that a book published by Gorakhpur’s Gita Press, called Maha Kumbh Parva, claims that the Rig Veda has shlokas mentioning the benefits of participating in the Kumbh Mela.
Many believe that it was 8th-century Hindu philosopher Adi Shankaracharya who established these four periodic fairs, where Hindu ascetics and scholars could meet, discuss and disseminate ideas, and guide lay people.
Kama Maclean, Associate Professor of South Asian and World History at Australia’s University of New South Wales, has written that while Xuanzang does mention a fair, there is no way to ascertain he was describing the Kumbh Mela. She argues that an ancient bathing festival of Magh mela (fair held in the Hindu month of magh) was held at Prayag, which the pandits of the city rebranded as the “timeless” Kumbh sometime after the Revolt of 1857 to ensure the British did not meddle with it.
However, not all historians agree with this. Prof. DP Dubey, retired Professor of ancient history at the University of Allahabad and General Secretary of the Society of Pilgrimage Studies, has studied and written extensively about the Kumbh Mela. He writes that the fair at Haridwar is likely to have been the first to be called Kumbh Mela, as Brihaspati is in Kumbh rashi for this fair.
“The origins of the Kumbh are linked to the worship of the Ganga as the great life force of the northern plains. Fairs on the banks of sacred rivers are indeed an ancient Hindu tradition. Gradually, travelling sadhus spread the idea of four Kumbh Melas on the banks of sacred rivers, where lay men as well as sanyasis could gather. Apart from pilgrimage, such huge gatherings also presented an opportunity to earn influence and followers,” Dubey told The Indian Express.
In the book ‘Kumbh Mela, Pilgrimage to The Greatest Cosmic Fair‘, Dubey, citing records from the Mughal era to those kept by sanyasi akhadaas, has written, “The Kumbha Mela came to be organised sometime after the twelfth century CE. The tradition of holding this religious festival possibly crystallised during the heyday of the Bhakti movement, a movement of the socio-religious reforms set on foot by a series of Hindu saints and reformers.”
What pilgrims do at Kumbh
While some come for only one ritual dip in the river to wash away sins, many, termed kalpwasi, stay at the riverbank, to take a break from the daily fight of earning material resources and earn spiritual credit instead. Many give daan, or donations of various kinds, here.
With any large crowd comes the chance of commerce, and the Mela has also served as a market crucial to local communities. Historically, there are records of Venetian coins and European toys being spotted at the Mela markets.
“The Kumbh Parva is an occasion for a layman to exist as part of a collective, a collective of people seeking punya. Some days are specially auspicious for the holy dip, such as Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami, etc. Donating a kumbh full of ghee or other things here can also bring punya. Devotees can meet holy men and get religious and spiritual guidance,” Dipakbhai said.
The various sadhu akhadaas set up camp. They go for baths, called shahi snan, in elaborate processions. In the past, tussle over which sadhu akhadaa is important enough to bathe first has led to bloody battles, so now, an order is generally pre-decided.
“The Kumbh Mela has played an important part in history by mobilising and uniting society. These days, it is easy to advertise the time and venue of the next mela, but centuries ago, it was the sadhus that made astrological calculations and spread the word. People travelled to the venues without trains or motorised vehicles, without the option of luxury tents, driven only by faith. During the freedom struggle, the melas were a venue to spread nationalist thought,” Rakesh Pandey, retired History professor at BHU, said.
What is the Kumbh festival?
The Times of India, May 16 2016
When is the Kumbh held?
The event of Kumbh (a festival occurring every 12 years) can take place in many ways. The choice of site is based on particular zodiacal positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Jupiter. The Kumbh is held at Haridwar when Jupiter enters Aquarius while the sun enters Aries. The event is held at Prayag when Jupiter enters the Aries circle while the Sun and moon enter Capricorn.Nashik becomes the festival site in the event of Jupiter entering Leo, while the festival is held at Ujjain on the occasion of Jupiter's entry in Leo and Sun's entry into Aries. The Prayag Kumbh is considered the most significant of all.
What is the mythological story behind the festival? bb
The Kumbh festival is related to the churning of the ocean to get the nectar of immortality .The churning was done by both gods and demons. After the churning there was a fight over distribution of the nectar. Some stories suggest that Lord Vishnu disguised himself as a beautiful lady and seized the nectar. While flee ing from the demons he placed the nectar on Garuda. A few drops fell on Allahabad, Nashik, Haridwar and Ujjain. Since then, Kumbh melas are held at these sites. Another version suggests that during the chase the that during the chase the pot (Kumbh) was kept on the ground and these spots later became the sites of the festival. It took 12 days to carry the nectar to heaven. One god day is equal to one human year and hence the festival is cele brated after 12 years. How old is the festival? Similar river festivals are being observed in India for centuries. The first written evidence of the Kumbh Mela comes the Kumbh Mela comes from the writings of legendary Chinese traveller Huan Tsang (Xuanzang) who became famous for his 17-year overland journey to India. Between 629 and 645 CE, Tsang travelled across the country .Later, he wrote about the festival. The festival is often linked to Shankaracharya. The eighth century Hindu theologian and philosopher travelled across the country to revive Hinduism, which was being threatened by Buddhism and Jainism. Experts believe that the Kumbh might be linked with his efforts at revival of Hinduism. The festival ensures a regular gathering of common people as well as learned Hindu ascetics for discussion and debate.
Why does the festival get media attention from around the world?
The Kumbh is the largest religious gathering of humans.About 120 million pilgrims visited the Prayag Kumbh in 2013 over a period of two months.The ongoing Simhastha Kumbh in Ujjain is expected to have 50 million visitors. The sheer scale of the gathering is enough to fascinate the world.
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Kumbh Mela (general)
