Mal
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From The Tribes And Castes Of The Central Provinces Of India
By R. V. Russell
Of The Indian Civil Service
Superintendent Of Ethnography, Central Provinces
Assisted By Rai Bahadur Hira Lal, Extra Assistant Commissioner
Macmillan And Co., Limited, London, 1916.
NOTE 1: The 'Central Provinces' have since been renamed Madhya Pradesh.
NOTE 2: While reading please keep in mind that all articles in this series have been scanned from the original book. Therefore, footnotes have got inserted into the main text of the article, interrupting the flow. Readers who spot these footnotes gone astray might like to shift them to their correct place.
Mal
Mai, Male, Maler, Mai Paharia
A tribe of the Rajmahal hills, who may be an isolated branch of the ^ Based entirely on Colonel Dalton's and Sir II. Risley's in the Tribes and account in the Ethnology of Bengal, Castes of Bengal.
Savars, In 191 i about 1700 Mais were returned from the Chota Nagpur Feudatory States recently transferred to the Central Provinces. The customs of the Mais resemble those of the other hill tribes of Chota Nagpur. Sir H. Risley states that the average stature is low, the complexion dark and the figure short and sturdy. The following particulars are reproduced from Colonel Dalton's account of the tribe :
" The hill lads and lasses are represented as forming very romantic attachments, exhibiting the spectacle oi real lovers ' sighing like furnaces,' and the cockney expression of * keeping company ' is peculiarly applicable to their courtship. If separated only for an hour they are miserable, but there are apparently few obstacles to the enjoyment of each other's society, as they work together, go to market together, eat together, and sleep together ! But if it be found that they have overstepped the prescribed limits of billing and cooing, the elders declare them to be out of the pale, and the blood of animals must be shed at their expense to wash away the indiscretion and obtain their readmission into society.
" On the day fixed for a marriage the bridegroom with his relations proceeds to the bride's father's house, where they are seated on cots and mats, and after a repast the bride's father takes his daughter's hand and places it in that of the bridegroom, and exhorts him to be loving and kind to the girl that he thus makes over to him. The groom then with the little finger of his right hand marks the girl on the forehead with vermilion, and then, linking the same finger with the little finger of her right hand, he leads her away to his own house.
" The god of hunting is called Autga, and at the close of every successful expedition a thank-offering is made to him. This is the favourite pastime, and one of the chief occupations of the Malers, and they have their game laws, which are strictly enforced. If a man, losing an animal which he has killed or wounded, seeks for assistance to find it, those who aid are entitled to one-half of the animal when found. Another person accidentally coming on dead or wounded game and appropriating it, is subjected to a severe
fine.
The Manjhi or headman of the village is entitled to a share of all game killed by any of his people. Any one who kills a hunting dog is fined twelve rupees. Certain parts of an animal are tabooed to females as food, and if they infringe this law Autga is offended and game becomes scarce.
When the hunters are unsuccessful it is often assumed that this is the cause, and the augur never fails to point out the transgressing female, who must provide a propitiatory offering. The Malers use poisoned arrows, and when they kill game the flesh round the wound is cut off and thrown away as unfit for food. Cats are under the protection of the game laws, and a person found guilty of killing one is made to give a small quantity of salt to every child in the village.
" I nowhere find any description of the dances and songs
of the Paharias. Mr. Atkinson found the Malers extremely
reticent on the subject, and with difficulty elicited that they
had a dancing-place in every village, but it is only when
under the inHuence of God Bacchus that they indulge in the
amusement. All accounts agree in ascribing to the Paharias
an immoderate devotion to strong drink, and Buchanan tells
us that when they are dancing a person goes round with
a pitcher of the home-brew and, without disarranging the
performers, who are probably linked together by circling
or entwining arms, pours into the mouth of each, male and
female, a refreshing and invigorating draught.
The beverage is the universal pacJnvai, that is, fermented grain. The grain, either maize, rice or janera {Holcns sorgJmiii), is boiled and spread out on a mat to cool. It is then mixed with a ferment of vegetables called takar, and kept in a large earthen vessel for some days ; warm water may at any time be mixed with it, and in a few hours it ferments and is ready for use."
When the attention of English officers was first drawn to them in 1770 the Males of the Rajmahal hills were a tribe of predatory freebooters, raiding and terrorising the plain country fro;n the foot of the hills to the Ganges. It was Mr. Augustus Cleveland, Collector of Bhagalpur, who reduced them to order by entering into engagements with the chiefs for the prevention and punishment of offences among their own tribesmen, confirming them in their estates
and jurisdiction, and enrolling a corps of Males, which became the Bhagalpur Hill Rangers, and was not disbanded till the Mutiny.
Mr. Cleveland died at the age of 29, having successfully demonstrated the correct method of dealing with the wild forest tribes, and the Governor-General in Council erected a tomb and inscription to his memory, which was the original of that described by Mr. Kipling in The Tomb of his AiicestoT's, though the character of the first John Chinn in the story was copied from Outram.^
Mal
(From People of India/ National Series Volume VIII. Readers who wish to share additional information/ photographs may please send them as messages to the Facebook community, Indpaedia.com. All information used will be gratefully acknowledged in your name.)
Synonyms: Malla [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] Groups/subgroups: Dhalbhuiya, Mallabhuiya [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] Chatradhari/Rajchatradhari, Paharia Mai/ Dhanguria Mai, Raja Mai, Sapure Mal/Beda [West Bengal] Subcastes: Deswar, Dhalia, Dhunakata, Gobra, Khera, Khuturia, Magahiya, Mallik, Raja Mai, Rajbanshi, R arhi Mai, Sanagantha, Sapurya or Bediya Mai, Sinduria, Tunga [H.H. Risley] Titles: Deshmandal, Patar, Sardar [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] Haldar, Khamid, Machhua, Manjhi [H.H. Risley] Surnames: Bagh, Dandapat, Kapat, Nayek [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] Bagh, Das, Mai [West Bengal] Exogamous units/clans: Bagh (tiger), Barh Nag (serp ent), Charai (bird), Kachchima (tortoise), Laban (s alt), Nag (serpent), Natur (a fish) [Bihar and/or Jharkhand] Gotra: Kashyap [West Bengal]
- Sections: Fenga (a bird), Garur (adjutant), Ghatu
(a bird), Kachhap (tortoise), Nag (snake), Patrishi (bird), Penkal-Ma chh (fish), Salmachh (fish) [H.H. Risley] Exogamous units/lineages (kul): [Bihar and/or Jhark hand] [West Bengal]
