South Indian castes/ tribes (numerically small): S
This article is an excerpt from Government Press, Madras |
Sachchari .—A synonym of Relli. Another form of the word Chachchadi.
Sādaru .—A sub-division of Lingāyats, found mainly in the Bellary and Anantapur districts, where they are largely engaged in cultivation. Some Bēdars or Bōyas, who live amidst these Lingāyats, call themselves Sādaru. It is noted in the Mysore Census Reports that the Sadas are “cultivators and traders in grain. A section of these Sadas has embraced Lingāyatism, while the others are still within the pale of Hinduism.”
Saddikūdu (cold rice or food).—An exogamous sept of Golla.
Sādhu (meek or quiet).—A sub-division or exogamous sept of Gāniga and Padma Sālē. The equivalent Sādhumatam has been recorded, at times of census, by Janappans. The name Sādhu is applied to ascetics or Bairāgis.
Sagarakula .—A synonym of the Upparas, who claim descent from a king Sagara Chakravarthi of the Mahābhārata.
Sāhu .—A title of Bolāsis, Gōdiyas, and other Oriya castes.
Sāindla (belonging to the death-house).—A sub-division of Māla.
Sajjana (good men).—A synonym of Lingāyat Gānigas.
Sajje (millet: Setaria italica).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
Sākala .—See Tsākala.
Sakkereya .—Some Upparas style themselves Mēl (western) Sakkereya-vāru. Their explanation is that they used to work in salt, which is more essential than sugar, and that Mēl Sakkare means superior sugar.
Sālāpu .—A form of Sārāpu, an occupational term for those who deal in coins, jewelry, coral, etc.
Salige (wire).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Saluppan .—The Tamil equivalent of the Telugu Janappan, which is derived from janapa, the sunn hemp (Crotolaria juncea).
Sāmanthi (Chrysanthemum indicum).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba and Togata. The flowers of the chrysanthemum are largely used for garlands, etc., in temple worship.
Sāmanto .—A title of Jātapus, and other Oriya castes.
Sāmban .—Sāmban, meaning Sāmba or Siva, has been recorded as a sub-division of Idaiyan and Paraiyan. At times of census, Sāmbuni Kāpu has been returned as the caste name by some Palle fishermen in Nellore.
Sambandham .—Sambandham, meaning literally connexion, is “the term used by the Nāyars [and other castes] of South Malabar to denote that a man and woman are united by a quasi-matrimonial bond.” In Act IV of 1896, Madras, sambandham is defined as “an alliance between a man and a woman, by reason of which they, in accordance with the custom of the community, to which they belong, or either of them belongs, cohabit or intend to cohabit as husband and wife.”
Sāmē (millet: Panicum miliare).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba.
Sāmi Puli (holy tiger).—An exogamous sept of Kallan.
Sammathi Makkal (hammer-men).—An exogamous section of Kallan.
Sammērāya .—A name for Telugu beggars employed as servants and messengers by the heads of Lingāyat mutts (religious institutions). It is derived from sammē, denoting confederacy or league, and denotes those who are bound to the rules laid down by Lingāyats.
Sāmolo .—A title of Doluva.
Sampigē .—Sampigē and Sampangi (champac: Michelia Champaca) have been recorded as an exogamous sept of Kurni and Oddē. Champac flowers are used in the manufacture of temple garlands.
Samudra.—Samudra, Samudram, or Samudrala, meaning the ocean, has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Telugu Brāhmans, Koravas, Kurubas, Balijas, and Mālas. The equivalent Tamudri occurs as the title of the Zamorin, who is the sea-king or ruler of Calicut.
Sankāti (rāgi or millet pudding).—An exogamous sept of Bōya. Rāgi is the staple dietary of many of the lower classes, who cannot afford rice.
Sanku .—Sanku, the conch or chank (Turbinella rapa) has been recorded as a sub-division of Dāsaris, Koppala Velamas, and Paraiyans who act as conch-blowers at funerals, and as an exogamous sept of Kuruba. Sankukatti, or those who tie the chank, occurs as a sub-division of Idaiyan. The chank shell, which is regularly collected by divers off Tuticorin in the Tinnevelly district, is highly prized by Hindus, and used for offering libations, and as a musical instrument at temple services, marriages, and other ceremonials. Vaishnavites and Mādhvas are branded with the emblems of the chank and chakram. The rare right-handed chank shell is specially valued, and purchased for large sums. A legend, recorded by Baldæus, runs to the effect that “Garroude (Garuda) flew in all haste to Brahma, and brought to Kistna the chianko or kinkhorn twisted to the right”. Such a shell appears on the coat-of-arms of the Rāja of Cochin and on the coins of Travancore.
Sanno (little).—A sub-division of Bottada, Omanaito, Pentiya, and Sondi.
Sanror .—A synonym of Shānāns, who claim that Shānān is derived from Sānrōr, meaning the learned or noble.
Santārasi .—An exogamous sept of Dandāsi. The members thereof may not use mats made of the sedge of this name.
Santha (a fair).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga and Oddē.
Sānto .—A sub-division of Oriya Brāhmans and Bhāyipuos.
Sapiri .—A synonym of Relli.
Sappaliga .—It is noted, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, that “in some tāluks of South Canara they are said to be identical with, or a sub-caste of Gāniga.” The Gānigas are a Canarese caste, of which the traditional occupation is oil-pressing. In the Manual of the South Canara district, it is recorded that “Sappaligs appear to be identical with the Dēvādigas (temple musicians) in North Canara, though they are regarded as distinct castes in South Canara. The Sappaligs are, as the name sappal (noise) implies, a class of musicians in temples, but a number of them are cultivators.” Sappaliga is an occupational term. The musicians among the Tulu Mogēr fishing caste are called Sappaligas, in the same way that those Mogērs who are engaged as oil-pressers are called Gānigas, both being occupational names.
Sara (thread).—A gōtra of Kurni.
Saragu (dried or withered leaves).—A sub-division of Valaiyan.
Sarangulu .—Recorded, in the Nellore district, as being sailors. The name is doubtless equivalent to Serang, which has been defined as meaning “a native boatswain, or chief of a lascar crew; the skipper of a small native vessel.” Sarattu (sacred thread).—A sub-division of Kanakkan, members of which wear the sacred thread.
Sārāyi (alcoholic liquor).—A sub-division of Balija.
Sārigē (lace).—The name of a class of gold-lace makers in Mysore, and of an exogamous sept of Kuruba.
Sāstri .—In the Madras Census Report, 1901, Sāstri (one learned in the shāstras) is described as “unrecognizable. The word is used as a title by Smarta Brāhmans in the Madras Presidency, but the persons returning it came from Bombay, and were not Brāhmans.” Sāstri is recorded in my notes as a title of Dēvāngas.
Sāthu .—A synonym, meaning a company of merchants or travellers, of Perike and Janappan.
Saurāshtra .—A synonym of the Patnūlkārans, derived from the Saurāshtra country, whence they came southward. They also style themselves Saurāshtra Brāhmans.
Savalaikkāran .—A Tamil name for fishermen, who fish in the sea. Savalai or saval thadi is the flattened paddle used for rowing boats. The Savalaikkārans are more akin to the Pallis or Vanniyans than to the Sembadavans. Though a large number are agriculturists, some play on the nāgasaram (reed instrument). In the Tinnevelly district, where Mēlakkārans are scarce, the temple musicians are either Savalaikkārans or Panisavans. The agricultural Savalaikkārans use the title Padayāchi, and the musicians the title Annāvi. Their marriages last three days, and the milk-post is made of teak-wood. Widow remarriage is prohibited. The dead are always buried. Socially they are on a par with the Maravans, with whom they interdine.
Sāvali. —A synonym of Budubudike.
Sāvantiya .—A synonym of Sāmantiya.
Savara .—A name, denoting hill-men, adopted by Malē Kudiyas.
Sāvu (death).—A sub-division of Māla.
Sāyakkāran .—An occupational term, meaning a dyer, returned, at times of census, by Tamil dyers.
Sāyumpadai Tāngi .—The name, meaning supporter of the vanquished army, of a section of Kallans.
Sēdan —A synonym of Dēvānga. At times of census, Sēda Dāsi has been returned by Dēvānga dancing-girls in the Madura district. The following legend of Savadamma, the goddess of the weaver caste in Coimbatore, is narrated by Bishop Whitehead. “Once upon a time, when there was fierce conflict between the men and the rākshasas, the men, who were getting defeated, applied for help to the god Siva, who sent his wife Parvati as an avatar or incarnation into the world to help them. The avatar enabled them to defeat the rākshasas, and, as the weaver caste were in the forefront of the battle, she became the goddess of the weavers, and was known in consequence as Savadamman, a corruption of Sēdar Amman, Sēdan being a title of the weavers. It is said that her original home was in the north of India, near the Himalayas.”
Sekkān (oil-man).—A synonym of Vāniyan.
Sembunādu .—The name, meaning the Pāndya country, of a sub-division of Maravan.
Semmadi .—A Telugu form of Sembadavan.
Sem Puli (red tiger).—A section of Kallan.
Sēnapati .—A title, denoting commander-in-chief, said to be sold to Khōduras, and also occurring as a title of other Oriya castes, e.g., Kurumo and Ronguni. Among the Rongunis, the title is practically an exogamous sept. Sēnapati is further a name for Sālēs (Telugu weavers), the headman among whom is called Pedda (big) Sēnapati. The headman of the Sālāpu weavers, who do not intermarry with the Sālēs, is also styled Sēnapati. It is also a title of the Rāja of Sandūr.
Sendalai (red-headed man).—Returned as a sub-division of Konga Vellālas at times of census.
Sengundam (red dagger).—A synonym, connected with a caste legend, of Kaikōlan.
Seniga (Bengal gram: Cicer arietinum).—An exogamous sept of Mēdara and Pedakanti Kāpu.
Sērvai .—Sērvai, meaning service, has been recorded as the title of Agamudaiyans and Valaiyans. Sērvaikāran or Sērvaigāran (captain or commander) is the title of Agamudaiyan, Ambalakāran, Kallan, Maravan, and Parivāram. It further occurs as the name for a headman among the Vallambans, and it has been adopted as a false caste name by some criminal Koravas in the south.
Setti .—See Chetti.
Settukkāran .—A castle title, meaning economical people, sometimes used by Dēvāngas instead of Setti or Chetti.
Sevagha Vritti .—A sub-division of Kaikōlan.
Sēvala (service).—An exogamous sept of Golla.
Shōla Naiker .—A synonym of Jēn Kurumbas in the Wynād.
Sibbi Dhompti (brass vessel offering).—A subdivision of Mādigas, who, at marriages, offer food to the god in brass vessels. Siddaru .—A synonym of Jōgi mendicants.
Sika (kudumi or hair-knot).—An exogamous sept of Dēvānga.
Sīkili (broom).—An exogamous sept of Mādiga.
Sikligar .—In the Madras Census Report, 1901, eleven individuals are returned as belonging to an Upper India caste of knife-grinders (Sikligar). In the Madura Manual, Sikilkārars are described as knife-grinders, who wander about in quest of work from village to village.
Sila (stone).—An exogamous sept of Omanaito.
Sīlam (good conduct).—An exogamous sept of Māla.
Silpa (artisan).—A sub-division of the Kammālans, Panchālas or Kamsalas, whose hereditary occupation is that of stone-masons. In the Silpa Sāstra, the measurements necessary in sculpture, the duties of a Silpi, etc., are laid down. I am informed that the carver of a stone idol has to select a male or female stone, according as the idol is to be a god or goddess, and that the sex of a stone can be determined by its ring when struck.
Sindhu .—The Sindhuvāllu (drummers) are Mādigas, who go about acting scenes from the Rāmayana or Mahābhāratha, and the story of Ankamma. Sindhu also occurs as a gōtra of Kurni. The beating of the drum called sindhu is, I gather, sometimes a nuisance, for a missionary writes to the paper enquiring whether there is any order of Government against it, as the practice “causes much crime, and creates extra work for police and magistrates. Village officials believe they have no authority to suppress it, but there are some who assert that it is nominally forbidden.”
Singamu-vāru .—Singam is described, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a class of beggars, who beg only from Sālēs. They are, however, described by Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao as a class of itinerant mendicants attached to the Dēvāngas. “The name,” he writes, “is a variant of Simhamu-vāru, or lion-men, i.e., as valourous as a lion. They are paid a small sum annually by each Dēvānga village for various services which they render, such as carrying fire before a Dēvānga corpse to the burial-ground, acting as caste messengers, and cleaning the weaving instruments.”
Sinnata (gold).—An exogamous sept of Kuruba.
Sīolo. —A small class of Oriya toddy-drawers, whose touch conveys pollution. The Sondis, who are an Oriya caste of toddy-sellers, purchase their liquor from the Sīolos.
Sipiti .—The Sipitis are described, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as “Oriya temple priests and drummers; a sub-caste of Rāvulo.” In an account of them as given to me, they are stated to be Smartas, and temple priests of village deities, who wear the sacred thread, but do not employ Brāhmans as purōhits, and are regarded as somewhat lower in the social scale than the Rāvulos. Some of their females are said to have been unrecognised prostitutes, but the custom is dying out. The caste title is Mūni. (See Rāvulo.)
Sir .—A sub-division of Kanakkan.
Sirpādam .—A sub-division of Kaikōlan.
Sirukudi .—A nādu or territorial division of Kallan.
Siru Tāli .—The name, indicating those who wear a small tāli (marriage badge), of a sub-division of Kaikōlan and Maravan.
Sītikan .—Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, 1901, as an occupational sub-division of Mārān. Sitra .—See Pāno.
Siva Brāhmana .—Recorded as a synonym of Stānika.
Sivachāra .—It is noted, in the Mysore Census Report, 1901, that the Lingāyats call themselves “Vīra Saivas, Sivabhaktas, or Sivachars. The Vīrasaiva religion consists of numerous castes. It is a religion consisting of representatives from almost every caste in Hindu society. People of all castes, from the highest to the lowest, have embraced the religion. There are Sivachar Brāhmins, Sivachar Kshatriyas, Sivachar Vaisyas, Sivachar carpenters, Sivachar weavers, Sivachar goldsmiths, Sivachar potters, Sivachar washermen, and Sivachar barbers, and other low castes who have all followed the popular religion in large numbers.”
Sivadvija .—The name, denoting Saivite Brāhman, by which Mūssads like to be called. Also recorded as a synonym of Stānika.
Sivarātri .—An exogamous sept of Oddē, named after the annual Mahāsivarātri festival in honour of Siva. Holy ashes, sacred to Siva, prepared by Smartas on this day, are considered to be very pure.
Sivarchaka .—The word means those who do pūja (worship) to Siva. Priests at the temple of village deities are ordinarily known as Pūjāri, Pūsāli, Ōcchan, etc., but nowadays prefer the title of Ūmarchaka or Sivarchaka. The name Sivala occurs in the Madras Census Report, 1901.
Siviyar .—Siviyar means literally a palanquin-bearer, and is an occupational name applied to those employed in that capacity. For this reason a sub-division of the Idaiyans is called Siviyar. The Siviyars of Coimbatore say that they have no connection with either Idaiyans or Toreyas, but are Besthas who emigrated from Mysore during the troublous times of the Muhammadan usurpation.
The name Siviyar is stated to have been given to them by the Tamils, as they were palanquin-bearers to officers on circuit and others in the pre-railway days. They claim origin, on the authority of a book called Parvatharāja Charithum, from Parvatharāja. Their main occupations at the present day are tank and river fishing, but some are petty traders, physicians, peons, etc. Their language is Canarese, and their title Naickan. They have eighteen marriage divisions or gōtras, named after persons from whom the various gōtras are said to have been descended. On occasions of marriage, when betel leaf is distributed, it must be given to members of the different gōtras in their order of precedence. In cases of adultery, the guilty parties are tied to a post, and beaten with tamarind switches. When a grown-up but unmarried person dies, the corpse is made to go through a mock marriage with a human figure cut out of a palm leaf.
Sōdabisiya .—A sub-division of Dōmb.
Soi .—A title of Doluva. It is a form of Sui or Swayi.
Sōlaga .—See Shōlaga.
Sōliyan .—Sōliyan or Sōliya is a territorial name, meaning an inhabitant of the Chōla country, recorded as a sub-division of Karnam, Idaiyan, Pallan, and Vellāla. The equivalent Sōlangal occurs as an exogamous sept of Vallamban, and Sōliya illam (Malayālam, house) as an exogamous sept of Panikkans in the Tamil country. Some Pallis style themselves Sōlakanar (descendants of Chōla kings), or Sōlakula Kshatriya. (See Sōzhia.)
Sōmakshatri. —A name sometimes adopted by Canarese Gānigas in South Canara.
Sōmara .—Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a small class of potters in the Vizagapatam hills.
Sōmari (idler).—A division of Yānādis, who do scavenging work, and eat the refuse food thrown away by people from the leaf plate after a meal.
Sōma Vārada (Sunday).—The name of Kurubas who worship their god on Sundays.
Sōnagan .—See Jōnagan.
Sonkari .—The Sonkaris are a small class of Oriya lac bangle (sonka) makers in Ganjam and Vizagapatam, who should not be confused with the Telugu Sunkaris. The men are engaged in agriculture, and the women manufacture the bangles, chains, chāmaras (fly-flappers), kolātam sticks (for stick play), and fans ornamented with devices in paddy (unhusked rice) grains, which are mainly sold to Europeans as curios.
Sonkari girls are married before puberty. A man should marry his paternal aunt’s daughter, but at the present day this custom is frequently disregarded. Brāhmans officiate at their marriages. The dead are cremated. The caste title is Pātro.
Sonkuva .—A sub-division of Māli.
Sonti (dried ginger).—An exogamous sept of Asili.
Soppu (leaf).—The name for Koragas, who wear leafy garments.
Sōzhia .—A territorial name of sub-divisions of various Tamil classes who are settled in what was formerly the Chōla country, e.g., Brāhman, Chetti, Kaikōlan, Kammālan, Pallan, and Vellāla.
Srishti Karnam .—A sub-division of Karnam. The name is variously spelt, e.g., Sristi, Sishta, Sishti. The name Sishti Karanamalu is said to have been assumed by Oddilu, who have raised themselves in life. Stala (a place).—Lingāyats sometimes use the word Staladavāru, or natives of a place, to distinguish them from recent settlers.
Sthāvara .—Recorded, at times of census, as a sub-division of Jangam. The lingam, which Lingāyats carry on some part of the body, is called the jangama lingam or moveable lingam, to distinguish it from the sthāvara or fixed lingam of temples.
Subuddhi .—A title, meaning one having good sense, among several Oriya castes.
Sudarmān. —See Udaiyān.
Suddho .—Two distinct castes go by this name, viz., the Savaras who have settled in the plains, and a small class of agriculturists and paiks (servants) in the low country of Ganjam. The Suddhos who live in the hills eat fowls and drink liquor, which those in the plains abstain from. The caste name Suddho means pure, and is said to have its origin in the fact that Suddho paiks used to tie the turbans of the kings of Gumsūr. Like other Oriya castes, the Suddhos have Podhāno, Bissōyi, Bēhara, etc., as titles. The caste has apparently come into existence in recent times.
Sūdra .—The fourth of the traditional castes of Manu. The Sūdra Nāyars supply the female servants in the houses of Nambūtiris.
Sūdra Kāvutiyān —A name adopted by barbers who shave Nāyars, to distinguish them from other barbers.
Sudugādusiddha .—The name is derived from sudugādu, a burning-ground. In the Mysore Census Report, 1901, they are described as being “mendicants like the Jōgis, like whom they itinerate. They were once lords of burning-grounds, to whom the Kulavādi (see Holeya), who takes the cloth of the deceased and a fee for every dead body burned, paid something as acknowledging their overlordship.” These people are described by Mr. J. S. F. Mackenzie, under the name Sudgudu Siddha, or lords of the burning-ground, as agents who originally belonged to the Gangadikāra Vakkaliga caste, and have become a separate caste, called after their head Sudgudu Siddharu. They intermarry among themselves, and the office of agent is hereditary. They have particular tracts of country assigned to them, when on tour collecting burial fees. They can be recognised by the wooden bell in addition to the usual metal one, which they always carry about. Without this no one would acknowledge the agent’s right to collect the fees.
Sugāli .—Sugāli and Sukāli are synonyms of Lambādi.
Sugamanchi Balija .—A name said to mean the best of Balijas, and used as a synonym for Gāzula Balija.
Sukka (star).—An exogamous sept of Yerukala. The equivalent Sūkra occurs as a gōtra of Oriya Kālinjis.
Sūlē —A Canarese name for professional prostitutes. Temple dancing-girls object to the name, as being low. They call themselves Vēsyas or Bēsyas, Naiksāni, or Naikini (Naik females).
Sullokondia .—The highest sub-division of the Gaudos, from whose hands Oriya Brāhmans will accept water.
Sunar. —See Sonar. Sundarattān.—A sub-division of Nāttukōttai Chetti.
Sundi .—See Sondi.
Sunkari .—The Sunkari or Sunkara-vāndlu are cultivators, fishermen, and raftsmen in the Godāvari district. According to the Rev. J. Cain they come from some part of the Central Provinces, and are not regarded as outcasts, as stated in the Central Provinces Gazetteer.
Sunna Akki (thin rice).—A family name or bedagu of Donga Dāsari.
Sunnambukkāran (lime man).—An occupational name for Paravas, Paraiyans, and other classes, who are employed as lime (chunam) burners. Sunnapu, meaning shell or quick-lime, occurs as an exogamous sept of Balija.
Sunnata .—A sub-division of Kurumbas, who are said to make only white blankets.
Sūrakkudi .—A section or kōvil (temple) of Nāttukōttai Chetti.
Sūrti .—The name for domestic servants of Europeans in Bombay, who come from Surat.
Sūrya (the sun).—Recorded as a sept of Dōmb, Kuruba, and Pentiya, and a sub-division of Ambalakkāran. The equivalent Sūryavamsam (people of the solar race) occurs as a sub-division of Rāzu, and as a synonym of the Konda Doras or Konda Kāpus, some of whom style themselves Raja (= Rāzu) Kāpus or Reddis.
Sūtakulam .—A name by which the Besthas call themselves. They claim descent from the Rishi Sūta Mahamuni. It has been suggested as probable that the Besthas gained the name from their superiority in the culinary art, sūta meaning cook.
Sūtarlu —Recorded by the Rev. J. Cain as bricklayers and masons in the Godāvari district.
Sūthala (needle).—An exogamous sept of Kamma.
Svārūpam .—Svārūpam has been defined as “a dynasty, usually confined to the four principal dynasties, termed the Kōla, Nāyaririppu, Perimbadappu, and Trippa Svarupam, represented by the Kōlatiri or Chirakal Rājah, the Zamorin, and the Cochin and Travancore Rājahs.” Svārūpakkar or Svarūpathil, meaning servants of Svārūpams or kingly houses, is an occupational sub-division of Nāyar.
Swāyi .—A title of Alia, Aruva, Kālinji, and other Oriya classes.
Swetāmbara (clad in white).—One of the two main divisions of the Jains.
References
1 Birds of India.
2 Manual of the North Arcot district.
3 Twelfth Tour of Lord Connemara, 1890.
4 See Thurston. Monograph on the Cotton Industry of the Madras Presidency, 1897.
5 East and West, VI, 70, 1907.
6 Madras Mail, 1904.
7 Manual of the Chingleput district.
8 Manual of the South Canara district.
9 Ind. Ant., IV, 1875.
10 Malayalam and English Dictionary.
11 Sthanam = a station, rank or dignity. Moore: Malabar Law and Custom.
12 Original Suit No. 31, 1887, Court of Calicut. Appeal No. 202, 1888, High Court of Madras.
13 Madras Census Report, 1891.
14 See Malabar Quart. Review, II, 4, 1903.
15 Historical Sketches of the South of India: Mysore.
16 Moore: Malabar Law and Custom, 1905.
17 Manu.
18 Mysore Census Report, 1891, 1901.
19 Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.
20 Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.
21 Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
22 South Indian Inscriptions, II, Part III, 1895.
23 Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.
24 Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, 1, 1901.
25 The Rev. W. Taylor, Vol. III, 1862.
26 Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.
27 Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
28 See Bishop Whitehead. Madras Museum Bull., Vol. 3, 136, 1907.
29 Gazetteer of Vizagapatam district.
30 Madras Museum Bulletin, V, 3, 1907.
31 Lectures on Tinnevelly Missions, 1857.
32 Viaggi, 1614–26.
33 A New Account of East India and Persia, 1698.
34 Manual of the North Arcot district.
35 Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.
36 Principles of Sociology.
37 Manual of the South Canara district.
38 Administration Report, 1899.
39 Christianity in Travancore, 1901.
40 Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.
41 Rice. Mysore Inscriptions, p. 33.
42 Madras Census Report, 1901.
43 Madras Mail, 1901.
44 Ind. Ant., IV, 1875.
45 Christianity and Caste, 1893.
46 Journ. Roy. As. Soc., XVI.
47 Madras Mail, 1907.
48 L. Rice, Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
49 Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.
50 Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.
51 Madras Mail, 1907.
52 Mysore Census Report, 1891.
53 Mysore Census Report, 1891.
54 Manual of the South Canara district.
55 Madras Census Report, 1881.
56 A Native. Pen-and-ink Sketches of Native Life in Southern India, 1880.
57 Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.
58 A Snātaka is a Brāhman, who has just finished his student’s career.
59 Tribes and Castes of Bengal.
60 A very complicated recipe is given in the Manual of the Vizagapatam district, 1869, p. 264.
61 Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
62 Ind. Ant. II, 1873.
63 Ind. Ant. VIII, 1879.
64 Manual of the North Arcot district.
65 Ind. Ant. VIII, 1879.
66 Wigram, Malabar Law and Customs.
67 Rev. W. J. Richards. The Indian Christians of Saint Thomas.
68 A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.
69 Vide G. Milne Rae. The Syrian Church in India, 1892.
70 Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.
71 See Hough, the History of Christianity in India from the commencement of the Christian Era.
72 Indian Empire, 3rd edition.
73 IV. 290–97, 1896–7.
74 Madras Journ. Lit. and Science, XIII, part, 118. Dr. Gundert’s translation is reprinted in Mr. Logan’s Malabar, Vol. II, Appendix XII.
75 Madras Journ. Lit. and Science, XXI, 35–38.
76 Ind. Ant., III, 1874.
77 See article on the Jews of Cochin.
78 Loc. cit.
79 Land of the Perumauls: Cochin past and present, 1863.
80 F. Wrede. Asiatic Researches, VII, 181. Account of the St. Thomé Christians.
81 Hunter. Indian Empire.
82 In the preparation of the above sketch, the following authorities, among others, were consulted: Sir W. W. Hunter, Indian Empire and History of British India; J. Hough, History of Christianity in India; T. Whitehouse, Lingerings of Light in a Dark Land; G. T. Mackenzie, Christianity in Travancore; F. Day, Land of the Perumauls; T. Logan, Manual of Malabar; Christian College Magazine, Madras, Vol. VI; and Judgments of the Civil Courts of Travancore and Cochin. To the bibliography relating to the Syrian Christians may also be added L. M. Agur, Church History of Travancore, the Rev. G. Milne Rae, the Syrian Church in India, and the Rev. W. J. Richards, the Indian Christians of St. Thomas. The Malabar Quarterly Review, VI, 1 and 2, 1907, may also be consulted.
83 The Syriac is not a modern Syriac dialect, but is very like the ancient Aramaic.
84 Notes from a Diary, 1881–86.
85 Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase, IV, 1887.
86 Reisen in Lykien, Melyas, und Kibyratis, II, 1889.
Madras: Printed by The Superintendent, Government Press.
